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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ANTIPSYCHOTIC |
-class of drug that is used to treat the psychoses
-class of drug that is used to diminish the symptoms of psychosis that appear in schizophrenia -class of drug that is also referred to by the term major tranquilizer or neuroleptic |
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ANTIPSYCHOTIC |
-class of drug that can produce side-effects that result from a deficiency of dopamine along the nigrostriatal pathway
-class of drug that when given to healthy subjects causes slower thinking tiredness, dejection, anxiety, and irritability -class of drug that is found in animals and humans to have aversive properties that develop slowly with repeated doses |
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ANTIPSYCHOTIC |
-class of drug that is found in animals and humans to have aversive properties that develop slowly with repeated doses
-class of drug that is useful in treating Huntington's chorea, Tourette's syndrome, and tardive dyskinesia through its dopamine blocking effects |
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PSYCHOSIS |
-state that is characterized by a loss of touch with reality, and may be briefly brought on by drugs or be a life-long battle in the case of disorders, such as schizophrenia
-in this state people grossly misunderstand and misinterpret events going on around them |
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PSYCHOSIS |
-in this state people respond to events inappropriately in both an intellectual and emotional sense
-in this state people may experience bizarre hallucinations and have their behavior be guided by delusions |
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SCHIZOPHRENIA |
-is the most well-known of the psychotic disorders
-the name of this psychotic disorder literally means "to split the mind", which refers to not split-personality but rather a separation of thought, emotion, and behaviour |
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SCHIZOPHRENIA |
-psychotic disorder that is characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms
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POSITIVE SYMPTOMS |
-type of symptoms that are traits that are abnormally present in psychosis
-type of schizophrenic symptoms that hallucinations, delusions, incoherent thought & speech, excessive motor activity, or odd mannequin-like postures would be considered |
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POSITIVE SYMPTOMS |
-type of schizophrenic symptoms that typically develop later in schizophrenia, emerging gradually over years after the onset of other symptoms
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NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS |
-type of symptoms that are traits that are abnormally absent in psychosis
-type of schizophrenic symptoms that affective flattening, anhedonia, alogia, avolition, or social withdrawal would be considered -type of schizophrenic symptoms that are typically the first to develop in schizophrenia |
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EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS (EPS) |
-side-effect of antipsychotic medication that resembles Parkinson's disease: tremors, slowed motor functions, stiff limbs, and trouble maintaining balance
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DOPAMINE HYPOTHESIS |
-theory that has been the dominant theory of the neurological basis of schizophrenia from the 1960s to this day
-theory that posits that schizophrenia and other psychoses result from excessive dopamine activity in the brain -theory that is supported by two main observations: (1) drugs which increase dopamine function can produce psychoses & (2) typical antipsychotics are all dopamine antagonists |
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DOPAMINE HYPOTHESIS |
-theory that is supported by the fact that typical antipsychotic medications also produce severe EPS
-theory that is supported by the strong correlation between the therapeutic dose of a typical antipsychotic and the drug's affinity for the dopamine D2 receptor -theory that has NOT been confirmed by evidence of differences in D2 receptor densities between individuals with versus without schizophrenia |
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DOPAMINE HYPOTHESIS |
-theory that has NOT been confirmed by evidence that dopaminergic circuits progressively deteriorate along with other neurotransmitter circuits in schizophrenia
-theory that is contradicted by the fact that the therapeutic effect of antipsychotic drugs may be delayed for several weeks despite blocking dopamine activity immediately -theory that is contradicted by the fact that negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia do not improve with D2 receptor blockade |
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GLUTAMATE HYPOTHESIS |
-theory that is supported by the fact that phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine both produce symptoms similar to the positive, negative, & cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia
-theory that is supported by a correlation between a drug's ability to produce schizophrenia-like symptoms and its affinity to the NMDA receptor's PCP binding site |
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GLUTAMATE HYPOTHESIS |
-theory that posits that schizophrenia results from glutamate hypoactivity, specifically at the NMDA receptor
-theory that has NOT been confirmed by evidence of differences in cerebrospinal fluid glutamate levels between individuals with versus without schizophrenia |
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GLUTAMATE HYPOTHESIS |
-theory that is contradicted by the fact that doses of NMDA receptor antagonists that produce schizophrenia-like symptoms increase glutamate release in the prefrontal cortex
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TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC |
-type of antipsychotic medication that is also known as a first-generation antipsychotic
-type of antipsychotic medication that was developed first, before 1975 -type of antipsychotic medication that primarily blocks D2 receptors |
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TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC |
-type of antipsychotic medication that is most effective in treating the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, rather than the negative or cognitive symptoms
-with this type of antipsychotic medication adverse EPS side-effects commonly occur -type of antipsychotic medication that is more likely to cause tardive dyskinesia |
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ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC |
-type of antipsychotic medication that is also known as a second-generation antipsychotic
-type of antipsychotic medication that was developed more recently -type of antipsychotic medication that has only a weak affinity for D2 receptors and has a high affinity for D3 & D4 receptors |
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ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC |
-type of antipsychotic medication that alleviates the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia
-with this type of antipsychotic medication adverse EPS side-effects do NOT commonly occur -type of antipsychotic medication that has a greater ability to block 5-HT2A receptors |
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AKATHISIA |
-side-effect of antipsychotic medication that is characterized by uncontrolled restlessness, constant compulsive movement, and sometimes a protruding tongue and facial grimacing
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TARDIVE DYSKINESIA |
-side-effect of antipsychotic medication that is characterized by involuntary, tic-like, repetitive movements of the face, such as muscle twitching, smacking of the lips, or flicking of the tongue
-for this side-effect of antipsychotic medication the symptoms can be permanent and not go away even after the drug is stopped |
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MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER |
-mood disorder that is characterized by depressed mood, loss of appetite, anhedonia, lack of energy, problems sleeping, feelings of worthlessness & guilt, and thoughts of death & suicide
-mood disorder that can occur in people who do not feel depressed but show anhedonia, weight loss, insomnia, psychomotor retardation, loss of energy, and inability to concentrate |
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MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER |
disorder that has been called the "common cold of mental illness" because large segments of the population experience it at some time in their lives
-disorder that is currently, in Western cultures, the second leading cause of premature mortality and disability leading to loss of productive life |
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MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER |
-with this disorder women are more likely to have feelings of sadness, worthlessness, and guilt, whereas men are more likely to be tired & irritable, anhedonic, and have insomnia
-with this disorder the probability of suicide is estimated to be five times greater |
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ANTIDEPRESSANT |
-class of drug that is used to treat depression
-for this class of therapeutic drug the placebo effect accounts for up to 75% of the improvement in depressive symptoms seen with the drug -class of drug that is more effective than stimulants at increasing operant response rates, and also decrease avoidance behavior at doses that have no effect on escape behaviour |
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MONOAMINE THEORY |
-theory that posits that depression results from reduced levels of monoaminergic activity, especially serotonin (5-HT) activity
-theory that is supported by the fact that drugs which increase monoamine activity levels enhance mood |
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MONOAMINE THEORY |
-theory that is supported by the fact that drugs (e.g., reserpine) that deplete monoamines, or tryptophan-free diets that deplete serotonin, can produce depression
-theory that is contradicted by the fact that the therapeutic effect of antidepressant drugs may be delayed for several weeks despite increasing synaptic monoamine transmitter levels immediately |
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MONOAMINE THEORY |
-theory that is contradicted by the fact that tryptophan depletion has no effect on the mood of individuals with no personal or family history of depression
-theory that is supported by the fact that depressed individuals have low cerebrospinal-fluid levels of 5-HT, its amino acid precursor tryptophan, and its major metabolite 5-H1AA |
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GLUCOCORTICOID THEORY |
-theory that posits that depression results from hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
-theory that is supported by the fact that stress is the most influential environmental factor that predisposes an individual to depression |
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GLUCOCORTICOID THEORY |
-theory that is supported by the fact that depressed individuals show overactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, as indicated by high levels of CRH & cortisol
-theory that is contradicted by a lack of antidepressant effect of CRH antagonists in some clinical trials with depressed individuals |
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MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS (MAOIS) |
-type of antidepressant drug that works by blocking the activity of monoamine oxidase so that monoamines in the cytoplasm are not destroyed and can be available for release
-taking this type of antidepressant drug before ingesting tyramine-rich food can result in the cheese effect: sympathetic nervous system activation that can potentially result in death |
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TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS (TCAS) |
-type of antidepressant drug that, although classified as a first-generation antidepressant, is actually more similar in function to the second-generation antidepressants
-type of antidepressant drug that works by blocking reuptake of the monoamines into presynaptic neurons and so prolongs postsynaptic receptor stimulation |
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SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS (SSRIS) |
-type of antidepressant drug that is fluoxetine (Prozac) and is included in the designation known as second-generation antidepressants
-type of antidepressant drug that is safer than the other types of antidepressant drugs, with fewer of their bothersome side effects |
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SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS (SSRIS) |
-type of antidepressant drug that works by blocking reuptake of just serotonin into presynaptic neurons and so prolongs postsynaptic receptor stimulation by serotonin
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SEROTONIN SYNDROME |
-potentially lethal condition associated with antidepressant drug use that is caused by an acute increase in serotonergic transmission |
