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109 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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The scientifific study of abnormal behavior in order to describe predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning.
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Abnormal Pyschology
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A society's stated and unstated rules for proper conduct
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Norm
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A people's common history, values, habits, skills, technology, and arts
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Culture
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Gather information so they can describe, predict, and explain the phenomena they study
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Clinical Scientist
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Role is to detect, assess, and treat abnormal patterns of functioning
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Clinical Practitioners
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Main treatment during the stone age
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Trephination
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Abnormal Psychology attibuted to demons
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Exorcism
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Stated that illness has natural causes and introduced the 4 humors need rebalancing
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Hippocrates
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Main abnormalities of the middle ages
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Mass madness (tarantism), Lycanthropy (wolves), Lunacy
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Shrines for treating people with mental disorders humanely and with loving care
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Gheel
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Reasons why care declined by the mid 1500s
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Shrines couldn't treat all the people, converted hospitals into asylums
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Famous hospital in England, given to London by Henry VIII, became a tourist attraction, etc.
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Bedlam
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Named chief physician, thought people should be treated with kindness, allowed patients to move around the hospital grounds, improved living conditions
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Philippe Pinel (1793)
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Led reforms in northern England
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William Tuke
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The 19th century approach to treating people with mental disfunction
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Moral Treatment
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Father of American psychiatry
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Benjamin Rush
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Boston schoolteacher who made each state responsible for mental health care
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Dorothy Dix
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The view that abnormal pyschological functioning has physical causes
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Somatogenic Perspective
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The view that the chief causes of abnormal functioning are psychological
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Psychogenic Perspective
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Created the first system for classifying abnormal behavior
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Emil Kraepelin
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Worked with syphillis
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Richard von Krafft-Ebing
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Father of the psychoanalysis theory
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Freud
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4 types of psychotropic medications
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Antipsychotic, Antidepressant, Antianxiety, Antidepressants
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Resulted in outpatient care as the primary mode of treatment
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Deinstitutionalization
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Treatments for less severe psycho abnormalities
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Private therapy, prevention, positive psychology
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Type of research that goes into great detail about someone's life and problems, gets new ideas and techniques, usually studies problems that aren't common
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Case Study
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Limitations to case study
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Reported by biased observers, subjective evidence, low internal validity, little external validity
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The accuracy with which as study can pinpoint on of various possible factors as the cuase of a phenomenon
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Internal Validity
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The degree to which the results of a study may be generalized beyond that study
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External Validity
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The degree to which events of characteristifs vary with eachother
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Correlation
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Pros of Correlation
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Statistical Significance, high external validity, lack internal validity, epidemiological (incidence and prevalence)
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Uses independent and dependent variables, control groups, etc.
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Experimental Method
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Makes use of naturally occuring group, most psychological experiments
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Quasi-Experiment (mixed designs)
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Experiment that observes the effects of nature
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Natural Experiments
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Experiment that fakes life then conducts experiments hoping to get real-life insights
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Analogue Experiment
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Experiment that investigates problems with low incidence rates
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Single-subject Experiments
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A study that observes the same subjects on many occasions over a long period of time
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Longitudinal
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The variable in an experiment that is manipulated to determine whether it has an effect on another variable
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Independent
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The variable in and experiment that is expected to change as the independent variable is manipulated
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Dependent
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4 major psychological models
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Biological, Sociocultural, Psychodynamic, Behavioral
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Model that deals with thoughts and feelings as part of biochemical and bioelectrical processes, brain anatonomy and chemistry
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Biological
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4 main types of neurotransmitters
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GABA, Dopamine, Serotonin, NE
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The oldest and most famous modern model of psych, Freud, internal forces described as dynamic, assumption that no symptom or behavior is accidental
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Psychodynamic
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According to Freud, instinctual needs, drives, and impulses
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Id
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According to Freud, this seeks gratification in accordance with reality
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Ego
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According to Freud, the conscience
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Superego
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Emphasize the role of Ego more than Freud
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Ego theorist
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Emphasize the importance of developing healthy self-interest and role of self
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Self theorists
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People motivated by need to have relationships with others and severe problems between children and caregivers lead to abnormal development
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Object relation theorists
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According to Freud, a condition in which the id, ego, and superego do not mature properly and are frozen at an early stage of development
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Fixation
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A psychodynamic technique in which the patient describes any thought, feeling, or image that comes to mind, even if it seems unimportant
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Free Association
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The reliving of past repressed feelings I order to settle internal conflicts and overcome problems.
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Catharsis
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The psychoanalytic process of facing conflicts, reinterpreting feelings, and overcoming one's problems.
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Working Through
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Behavior is a result of receiving awards, modeling
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Operant Conditioning
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Learning occurs by temporal association
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Classical Conditioning
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Person associated with classical conditioning
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Pavlov
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Unconditioned stimulus -->
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Unconditioned response
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Model that includes operant conditioning and classical conditioning
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Behavioral
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Model that states the cognitive processes are at the center of behavior, thought, and emotion
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Cognitive
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Overgeneralization in depression
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Illogical thinking processes
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Therapy that helps recognize negative thoughts, biased interpretations, and errors in logic, challenges dysfunctional thoughts, etc.
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Cognitive Therapy
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Model that states that humans have a tendency to be friendly, cooperative, and constructive. That they have an awareness of themselves and live good lives in order to be psychologically healthy
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Humanistic-Existential
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Person who founded humanistic model
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Carl Rogers
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The humanistic therapy devoloped by Carl Rogers in which clinicians try to help clients by conveying acceptance, accurate empathy, and genuineness.
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Client centered therapy
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The humanistic therapy developed by Fritz Perls that guides clients towards self-recognition and self acceptance
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Gestalt Therapy
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A therapy that encourages clients to accept responsibility for their lives and live with greater meaning and values
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Existential Theory
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Model that deals with societal roles and labels, social networks and supports, and family structures and communication
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Sociocultural
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David Rosehan study; when people stray from norms we label then as mentally ill
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Societal labels and roles
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Ties between deficiencies in social networks and person's functioning
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Social networks and support
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Culture sensitive therapy, group, family, and couple therapy are all types of ______
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Sociocultural Therapies
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The process of collecting and interpreting relevant information about a client or subject
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Assessment
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The understanding of the behavior of a particular individual
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Idiographic understanding
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3 categories of assessment
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Interview, Tests, Observations
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Common steps to follow when making an assessment
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Standardization
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A measure of consistency of test or research results
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Reliability
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The accuracy of a test's or study's results
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Validity
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Usually the first contact between client and clinician; mental status exam; sometimes lacks validity or reliability, interviewers may slant information they gather
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Clinical Interviews
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A set of interview questions and observations designed to reveal the degree and nature of a client's abnormal functioning.
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Mental Status Exam
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A test consisting of ambiguous material that people interpret or respond to
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Projective Test
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Test which requires client to answer wide range of questions about behavior, beliefs, and feelings, MMPI, responsive inventories
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Personality and Response Tests
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Tests that measure brain activity and structures; EEG, MRI, CAT, Neuropsych
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Neuro Tests
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A series of tests, each of which produces a different kind of data
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Battery
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A method for observing behavior in which people are observed in artificial settings
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Analog Observation
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A cluster of symptoms that usually occur together
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Syndrome
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Book of about 400 mental disorders describing criteria, etc.
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DSM-IV-TR
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List of disorders with descriptions of symptoms and guidelines for assigning individuals to the categories
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Classification Systems
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5 Axes
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Mental Health, Long-standing problems, Medical, Psychosocial, Global Assessment of Functioning
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_________ is based on backgroud informtation, theoretical orientation, current research, etc.
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Treatment
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________ defines success, improvement, is more helpful than placebo or nothing at all
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Treatment success
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_____ is immediate alarm, and ________ is a vague sense of being in danger, but have the same features
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Fear, Anxiety
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Common in western society, 6% lifetime prevalance, women outnumber men 2:1, common in poverty
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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Therapy developed by Albert Ellis that helps change the irrational assumptions and thinking
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Rational-Emotive Therapy
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Therapy developed by Donald Meichenbaum which teaches clients to use coping self-statements at times of stress.
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Self-Instruction Training
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A research that sets out to determine how many and which relatives or a person with a disorder have the same disorder
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Family Pedigree Study
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The neurotransmitter whose low activity has been linked to generalized anxiety disorder
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GABA
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Most problematic assumptions are about worrying itself, believe worrying is a way of appraising and coping with problem
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Metacognitive Theory
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Have greater bodily arousal than others, and worrying serves to reduce bodily arrousal
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Avoidance Theory
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Phobia when exposed to object or situation, experience immediate fear, women to men 2:1
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Specific Phobia
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Phobia that worries about interacting with other or performing in front of others, women to men 3:2, begins in late childhood or adolescence
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Social Phobia
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Prepared to acquire some phobias and not others
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Preparedness
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Treament for specific phobias
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Exposure, flooding, modeling
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No training, no build up
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Flooding
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Fear hierarchy, systematic desensitization
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Exposure Treatment
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Therapist confronts feared situation while person observes
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Modeling
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Treatment for social phobias
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Exposure, Cognitive Therapy, Antidepressants, Social Skill Training
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Has 5% prevalence rate, have attacks repeatedly and unexpectedly
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Panic Disorder
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2-3% develop this during lifetime
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OCD
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Likelyhood of getting OCD if identical twin has it, fraternal?
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53%, 23%
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Treatment for OCD
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Antidepressants that reduce serotonin levels
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