Psych 340 Exam Two

Front 1

Conditioned Stimulus

Back 1

effectiveness of this stimulus in producing focal response is conditional on pairing it with the unconditioned stimulus several times

Front 2

Unconditioned Stimulus

Back 2

effectiveness in eliciting focal response not dependent on any prior training

Front 3

Unconditioned Response

Back 3

response naturally elicited by the unconditioned stimulus

Front 4

Conditioned Response

Back 4

response eventually elicited by the conditioned stimulus

Front 5

Classical Conditioning

Back 5

Imposing a temporal relationship between two stimuli (S1 and S2) alters the response elicited by one or both of the stimuli.

Front 6

How to Condition an Emotional Response

Back 6

Pair the CS with a US that has an explicit emotional response
Fear Conditioning experiments are an example

Front 7

7. In eye blink conditioning how many trials did it take rabbits to develop a conditioned blinking response to a tone 70% of the time?

Back 7

656 trials

Front 8

Subjects of Eye-blink conditioning studies

Back 8

Humans and Rabbits

Front 9

In sign tracking or autoshaping what does the subject have to do get the reward?

Back 9

Peck at the CS (light)

Front 10

How fast can you be conditioned with a taste aversion?

Back 10

One Trial

Front 11

What is a conditioned compensatory response?

Back 11

Body compensates and you get a compensation along with conditioned response when conditioned response is extremely excitatory

Heart attack caused by combination of new room and heroine example

Front 12

What is psuedoconditioning?

Back 12

In some cases just being exposed to the CS or US can alter the response to the conditioned stimulus.
Generates responses that seem like conditioned responses but depend on very different learning mechanisms.

Front 13

differential conditioning procedure

Back 13

Within Subjects Design
CS+ (CS & US) trials
CS- (CS and no US) trials

Front 14

Between Subjects Design as a Test for Conditioning

Back 14

Having one group exposed to CS+ the other exposed to CS-

Front 15

Conditioned Excitor

Back 15

generates a new behavioral response, excites the subject

Front 16

Conditioned Inhibitor

Back 16

inhibits the excitor by adding an unexpected element

Front 17

Conditioned Inhibition Examples

Back 17

*An excitatory conditioned relationship must exist for conditioned inhibition to work*

Police Officer at traffic light
Prof pulls up new set of notes

Front 18

Characteristics of Stimuli that affect the effectiveness of classical conditioning

Back 18

initial response to stimuli
intensity of stimuli

Front 19

Garcia and Koelling

Back 19

tested CS-US relevance,
used a tone and audiovisual paired either with shock or radiation, rats learned to not lick during light and tone presentation when paired with shock, and developed taste aversion when paired with radiation

Front 20

Latent Inhibition

Back 20

preexposure to the CS slows subsequent conditioning procedures

Front 21

US preexposure effect

Back 21

repeated preexposure to US before it is paired with the CS slows the development of the conditioned response

Front 22

Stimulus preexposure and conditioning

Back 22

Conditioned stimuli
Learning facilitated by brief preexposure to complex stimuli (e.g. room).
Learning decrement with extended exposure to simple stimuli (e.g. tone)

Unconditioned stimuli
Learning facilitation when preexposed briefly (e.g. fear)
Learning decrement if exposure to the same environment or stimulus context is extended (e.g. spider in room).

Front 23

Stimulus generalization

Back 23

As similarity increases transfer of habituation effects increased (e.g. tone of 1000 Hz).
As similarity increases transfer of conditioning effects increased (e.g. dog with tone of 1000 Hz).

Front 24

Extinction

Back 24

reduction of a learned conditioned response because CS no longer paired with US

Front 25

Both extinction and habituation involve...

Back 25

1) repeated presentation of a stimulus
2) result in decreased responsiveness
3) show spontaneous recovery
4) novel stimuli can result in recovery of response(habituated= dishabituation; conditioned= disinhibition)

Difference is that in extinction the stimulus has a history of conditioning.

Front 26

Domino Logic

Back 26

You change any step in the sequence and you should change the Response

Front 27

Pavlov vs Hull and Thorndike

Back 27

Pavlove = S-S learning
Hull and Thorndike = S-R learing
Pavlov was right according to Rescorla

Front 28

Rescorla's Devaulation Study

Back 28

Habituation Group: CS+ (light plus loud noise) in trial 1, US habituation (loud noise) in trial 2
Control: CS+ in trial 1 and no stimuli in trial 2
Found that habituation group no longer responded to light or loud noise
Suggests that most Pavlovian conditioning is S-S

Front 29

Pavlovian relationships based on S-R learning

Back 29

Some prepared behaviors are S-R
Conditioned taste aversion

Second order conditioning is S-R
mess up the first CS and animals still react to the second CS

Front 30

Does conditioned inhibition work by messing up CS-US pair or the US?

Back 30

Works by messing up the mental representation of the US
Experiment on rats lights tone and buzzer paired or unpaired with shock

Front 31

Conditioned Anitnociception
(Conditioning in the spinal cord)

Back 31

Rats tone paired with tail shock (CS+), also with right or left leg shocked
UR- antinociception to shock
CR- antinociception to tone

Front 32

Gormezamo

Back 32

“True learning occurs when an animal acquires a response to a truly neutral CS.”
He was very WRONG

Front 33

Holland behaviors

Back 33

CS(light) --> Orient
CS(noise) --> Headjerk

Front 34

What kind of learning is Holland behaviors associated with?

Back 34

Alphaconditioning

Front 35

Alpha Conditioning

Back 35

The US sensitizes the animal so now it responds more to the CS

Front 36

Two Mechanisms that Underly Alpha Conditioning

Back 36

Pairing-Specific enhanced sensitization
Protection from Habituation

Front 37

Pairing-Specific Enhanced Sensitization

Back 37

where the US sensitizes to allow bigger response to CS
Example: Fear of Needles

Front 38

Protection from Habituation

Back 38

the pairing with a sensitized US prevents the subject from habituating to the CS
Startle response to noise not lessening overtime when paired with shock

Front 39

anitnociception

Back 39

anti-pain

Front 40

Pavlovian Conditioning in the Spinal Cord

Back 40

ONE TRIAL
CS+: left leg and tail shock
CS-: right leg shock only
Test tail flick latency to a heat source after each CS

Front 41

Negative Patterning

Back 41

some stimuli elicit different responses in different situations
EX Mary and Sally (frienemies)

Front 42

Can the spinal cord do negative patterning?

Back 42

No, requires action from the hippocampus

Front 43

A CS can evoke a mental image of the US

Back 43

Example: Mediated acquistion experiment by Holland
Subjects drank less wintergreen b/c its CS-US pair with nausea and noise but still drank peepermint even with tone present

Front 44

Mediated Acquisition

Back 44

Mediated acquisition shows that we what we learn about a CS can change our response to a US that wasn't even paired with the consequence directly

Front 45

Contiguity

Back 45

a series of things in continuous connection

Front 46

Associationalist on Contiguity

Back 46

contiguity in time and space necessary and sufficient for two stimuli to become associated.
VERY WRONG
Not necessary- Tast Aversion has long time interval btwn
Not sufficient- Overshadowing and Blocking events

Front 47

Blocking

Back 47

Learning that B predicts the US blocks the subject from subsequently learning that Y (in a BY compound) also predicts the US
Exapmle: Grandma's rice pudding AND raisins

Front 48

Overshadowing

Back 48

If one element of a compound CS is more salient, it will overshadow learning about the less salient cue
Example: Girl with green hair!

Front 49

Possible causes of Overshadowing anf Blocking

Back 49

1. Competition for association with the US
2. Subject can only notice one thing at a time

Front 50

Contingency

Back 50

a fact, event, etc, incidental to or dependent on something else

Front 51

Rescorla's Random US Experiment

Back 51

Teste if contingency with US was needed, found true because subjects in the informative condition (CS+) learned CS-US pair while the random (some CS+ some CS-) group did not

Front 52

Learning without biologically significant US

Back 52

Second Order Conditioning
Sensory Preconditions

Front 53

Second Order Conditioning

Back 53

Example learning to be excited when you see grandma cause she gives you money which you have already learned gives you chocolate
The new CS could become a conditioned inhibitor but rarely happens because it takes longer to learn

Front 54

Sensory Preconditioning

Back 54

Easter vaction and then associating lunch bell with lunchtime and lunchtime with good smelling Easter food

Front 55

Delayed Conditioning

Back 55

CS presented then US follows shortly

Front 56

Backward Conditioning

Back 56

US presented then CS follows shortly

Front 57

Learning vs Performance

Back 57

Miller found that rats learned to pair a clicker with shock being presented and tone shock removed, when given tone and clicker assumed no shock would come and didn't freeze, showing that rats learned from backwards conditioning

Front 58

Trace Conditioning

Back 58

CS shown, time passes, and US is shown

Front 59

Who did the first sign-tracking experiments?

Back 59

Brown and Jenkins