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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What did Kamin say was necessary for learning?
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"You only learn when you're surprised"
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When did Rescolar and Wagner develop their model?
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1970
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What formula is used to define surprise?
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lambda -Vt
(US strength minus ability of CS to expect US) |
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Entire Rescolar-Wagner Equation
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deltaV(CS) = alpha(CS)xBeta(lambda-Vt)
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Alpha represents...
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salience of the CS, learning parameter of CS
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Beta represents...
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learning parameter for the US
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What does the V mean?
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associatve strenght of the CS (to the US); degree to which you expect the US given a CS
delta V is the change in V |
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lambda means...
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degree to which a particular US can support learning, physical magnitude of the US
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How do you calculate Vt (Vtotal)?
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add the value of all the cSs together
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What does delta V tell you?
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what is learned in that particular trial
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When Vtotal = lambda....
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NO LEARNING B/C NO SURPRISE
so learning stops when Vtotal is equal to lambda |
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In overshadowing what symbol tells you about the difference in salience for the CSs?
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The respective alpha of each CS, one will be decidedly bigger than the other
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How much do we learn in the first phase of an extinction trial?
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negative alpha x beta
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What is the name of the theory that addresses why we are motivated to learn Pavlovian relationships?
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Schull's Conditioned Opponent Theory
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What did Schull say the US elicits?
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a process
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What does Schull say the CS begins to elicit over time?
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b process or the compensatory response to a process
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According the Schull when do we learn CR?
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when there is a large discrepancy between a process and b process
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According to Schull, what is the reason for why we don't learn in the second phase of a blocking experiment?
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the minimal discrepancy (a-b) and 0 undermines the US's capacity to support learning
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According to Schull, what do we learn in extinction?
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the b process becomes too strong, we need to attenuate the b-process and so we extinquish the CR
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What are the 2 limitations of Schull's theory?
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1:
2: Behavioral consequences of US and CS opposite, but emotional consequences the same |
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Sometimes Opponent Process Theory
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Alan Wagner: CR will be the same as after-reaction elicited by US
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Kandel and Pavlovian Conditioning in Aplysia
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Pairing Specific Enhanced Sensitization demonstrated in Aplysia and Conditioning
CS-: touching the mantle shelf CS+:touching the siphon US: shock Adenylyl cyclase fxns as coincidence detector |
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What is one cellular mechanisn that might be involved in Pavlovian conditioning?
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LTP!!
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What is associability?
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being able to associate stimuli through neural pathways
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Weak and Strong input for LTP in terms of Conditioning
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CS: weak input
US: strong input |
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In LTP, the neuron that genereates the UR is...
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Postsynaptic Sensory Neuron
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What happens after LTP induction?
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The CS weak input that showed no or little response before is now associated with the US strong input because the firing of neurons at the same time overthrew the threshold so that the CS weak input show a strong response too
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What part of the brain forms explicit memories?
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Hippocampus
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What are explicit memories?
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conscious memories such as memorizing lists names facts
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What part of the brain is important for the formation of emotional memories?
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amygdala
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What are implicit memories?
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unconscious memories
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What are the 4 ways we can work out what different brain regions do?
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1. Destroy the region
2. Temporarily inactivate the region 3. Activate the region 4. look for correlated activity in different structures during learning tasks |
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What is the problem with electronic lesions to discover what a part of the brain does?
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hard to interpret findings because damage is also done to fibers of pasage
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What is the advantage of neurochemical lesions to destroy areas of the brain?
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destroys the cell bodies without harming the fibers of passage
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What is the problem with trascranial magnetic stimulation to inactivate an area of the brain?
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its a new technology and can only be done with a course resolution (1 cm3)
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What is the problem with using the MRIs or PET scans to work out what brain regions can do?
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correlations do not equal causations
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What part of the brain produces (and learn about) conditioned fear response?
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Ventral Preaqueductal Gray (PAG)
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What part of the brain produces unconditioned fear responses?
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Dorsolateral Preaqueductal Gray (PAG)
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What part of the brain regulates whether conditioned or unconditioned responses are displayed?
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amygdala
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What besides explicit memory is the hippocampus important for?
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relational learning
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What part of the brain is necessary for the delayed eye blink conditioning?
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Cerebellum
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What part of the brain is needed for trace eye blink conditioning?
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Hippocampus
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What does Kanzi use to communicate?
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used a lexigram machine for words
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In human yrs what level of lingo ability does Kanzi display?
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2.5 yr old child
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Who raised Gua?
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Kelloggs
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What was the primary criticism of Washoe?
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Terrace thought she might be cued later disproven
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How many signs did Washoe learn?
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151
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Why did the earliest studies on chimpanzees talking fail?
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The researchers did not take into account that chimps don't have anatomy to vocally demostrate human words
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Who taught Sarah to use magnetic symbols for communication?
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Premack
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What could Sarah do?
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she could understand abstract concepts like bigger and smaller
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What was the primary criticism of Sarah?
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Terrace: she was just using sequences with the tokens not actually understanding the words
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Who was Tamuli?
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Kanzi's sister and the control ape for that research
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Why didn't she learn to use the lexicon?
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She had not been raised be the researchers like Kanzi and therefor had little to no experience with the Lexicon
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How did Savage-Rumbaugh prove Kanzi was not cued?
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Wore a welder's mask, gave commands from another room, had different voices give commands, had headphones on so she couldn't hear words while with Kanzi
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What types of tool use do chimpanzees display?
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termite fishing, hammering nuts open, tooth brushing, spear hunting
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Do chimpanzees emulate or imitate?
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They do both!
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Tool Use By Nonprimate species
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Spear hunting (New Caledonian crow/ the woodpecker finch)
Snail cracking with stones (thrush) Stones to open eggs (Vultures) Stones for clams (otters) Moss to absorb water (fire ants) |
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Do nonhuman species display culture?
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Whiten et al 1999 demonstrates that primates do
so YES |
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How did Whiten demonstrate culture in chimpanzees?
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Whiten et al. (1999) showed that 39 different behavior patterns were customary or habitual in some chimpanzee communities but were absent in others.
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Imitation
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Mimicry
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emulation
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Learns about the results of actions, rather than details of the behavior involved
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Whiten and Researchers in Bastrop (MD Anderson)
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Had 2 sbj groups: Black and White
each group shown one foraging method via observation of leader chimp the groups imitated leader chimp |
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Do other nonhuman species understand cause effect relationships?
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Yes
Examples: Orangatang and Peanut obstacle, Crows and Food Traps, Dogs and String task |
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Who developed the Perceptual-defensive Recuperative model?
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Bolles and Angelo
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What type of conditioning does LTP work with?
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Simultaneous and Delayed
does not work for backwards |
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When do chimps emulate behavior?
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When they understand cause and effect relationships in the scenario
the chimp exp with the opaque and transparent food box |
