Psych 3310 Exam 1

Front 1

Sensation

Back 1

how we transduce different patternsof perceivable energy (stimuli) into neuralimpulses

Front 2

Perception

Back 2

How we interpret and experiencethese patterns

Front 3

Transduce

Back 3

to convert (as energy or a message) into another form

Front 4

Psychophysics

Back 4

science ofdefining quantitative relationshipsbetween physical and psychological(subjective) events

Front 5

Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

Back 5

smallest detectable difference between twostimuli, or the minimum change in a stimulusthat can be correctly judged as different from areference stimulus

Front 6

psychophysical methods todetect thresholds

Back 6

-Thresholds

-Scaling

-Sensory neuroscience

-Neuroimaging

Front 7

Thresholds

Back 7

Finding the limits of what can beperceived

Front 8

Scaling

Back 8

Measuring private experiences

Front 9

Sensory neuroscience

Back 9

The biology ofsensation and perception

Front 10

Neuroimaging

Back 10

Anatomical and functionalimaging of the brain

Front 11

Weber’s Law

Back 11

As stimulus level increases or decreases, themagnitude of change must increaseproportionately (linearly) to remain noticeable

Front 12

Fechner’s Law

Back 12

The magnitude of subjective sensation increasesproportionally to the logarithm of the stimulusintensity

Front 13

Steven’s Power Law

Back 13

Stimulus energy and perceived intensity is apower function

Front 14

Method of Constant Stimuli

Back 14

Repetitions ofmany stimuli, ranging from rarely to almostalways perceivable, are presented one at atime

Front 15

Method of Limits

Back 15

The magnitude of a singlestimulus or the difference between two stimuli isvaried incrementally until the participantresponds differently

Front 16

Signal Detection Theory

Back 16

A psychophysical theory thatquantifies the response of an observer to the presentation ofa signal in the presence of noise

Front 17

Sensitivity

Back 17

value that defines the ease with which anobserver can tell the difference between the presenceand absence of a stimulus or the difference between twostimuli

Front 18

Criterion

Back 18

An internal threshold that is set by theobserver. If the internal response is above criterion, theobserver gives one response (e.g., “yes, I hear that”).Below criterion, the observer gives another response(e.g., “no, I hear nothing”)

Front 19

Fourier Analysis

Back 19

A mathematical procedure by which any signal canbe separated into component sine waves atdifferent frequencies

Front 20

Wavelength

Back 20

The time or space requiredfor one cycle of a repeating waveform

Front 21

Phase

Back 21

1) In vision, the relative position of a grating

2) In hearing, the relative timing of a sine wave

Front 22

Amplitude

Back 22

The height of a sine wave, from peak totrough, indicating the amount of energy in the signal

Front 23

Spatial Frequency

Back 23

The number of cycles of agrating per unit of visual angle

Front 24

Cycles Per Degree

Back 24

The number of pairs of dark andbright bars per degree of visual angle

Front 25

Three Notable Parameters of Fourier Analysis

Back 25

-Frequency: Indicates Size

-Phase: Indicates Location

-Amplitude: Indicates Saliency

Front 26

Doctrine of Specific NerveEnergies

Back 26

the nature of asensation depends onwhich sensory fibers arestimulated, not on how thefibers are stimulated

Front 27

examples of the doctrine ofSpecific Nerve Energies

Back 27

-Icy Hot

-Photic Sneeze Reflex (ACHOO)

Front 28

Synapse

Back 28

The junction between neurons that permitsinformation transfer

Front 29

Neurotransmitter

Back 29

A chemical substance used in neuronalcommunication at synapses

Front 30

action potential

Back 30

-starts near the cell body of a neuronand propagates down the axon towards the axonterminal

-Electrochemical process involving Na+ and K+ ionsmoving in and out of the neuron

Front 31

depolarization

Back 31

the inside of the membrane, which is normally negatively charged, becomes positive and the outside negative

Front 32

Hyperpolarization

Back 32

a change in a cell's membrane potential that makes it more negative

Front 33

Which cranial nervestransmit sensory information?

Back 33

-Olfactory (I) nerves

– Optic (II) nerves

– Auditory/Vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerves

Front 34

Cranial Nerves

Back 34

Twelve pairs of nerves that originate in thebrain stem and reach sense organs and muscles throughopenings in the skull

Front 35

neuroscience researchmethods

Back 35

-Electroencephalography(EEG)

-Event-Related Potential(ERP)

-Magnetoencephalography(MEG)

-Computerized Tomography (CT)

-Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

-Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

-Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging(fMRI)

-Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) Signal

Front 36

Electroencephalography(EEG):

Back 36

A technique that,using many electrodes on thescalp, measures electricalactivity from populations ofmany neurons in the brain

Front 37

Event-Related Potential(ERP):

Back 37

A measure of electricalactivity from a subpopulationof neurons in response toparticular stimuli that requiresaveraging many EEGrecordings

Front 38

Magnetoencephalography(MEG):

Back 38

A technique, similarto EEG, that measureschanges in magnetic activityacross populations of manyneurons in the brain

Front 39

Computerized Tomography (CT):

Back 39

An imagingtechnology that uses X-rays to create images of slicesthrough volumes of material (e.g., the human body)

Front 40

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):

Back 40

An imagingtechnology that uses the responses of atoms tostrong magnetic fields to form images of structureslike the brain

Front 41

Positron Emission Tomography (PET):

Back 41

An imagingtechnology that allows us to define locations in thebrain where neurons are especially active, bymeasuring the metabolism of brain cells using saferadioactive isotopes

Front 42

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI):

Back 42

Avariant of MRI that makes it possible to measurelocalized patterns of activity in the brain. Activatedneurons provoke increased blood flow, which can bequantified by measuring changes of oxygenated anddeoxygenated blood to strong magnetic fields

Front 43

Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) Signal

Back 43

The ratio of oxygenated to deoxygenatedhemoglobin that permits the localization of brainneurons that are most involved in a task

Front 44

Light

Back 44

Electromagnetic radiationconceptualized as a waveor a stream of photons

Front 45

Wave

Back 45

Oscillation thattravels through mediumby transferring energyfrom one particle orpoint to another

Front 46

Photon

Back 46

a quantum ofvisible light or otherelectromagneticradiation; has propertiesof both particle andwave

Front 47

Scattered

Back 47

Dispersed irregularly

-Atmosphere

Front 48

Reflected

Back 48

Redirected orBounced back

Front 49

Transmitted

Back 49

Passed through asurface

Front 50

Absorbed

Back 50

Taken up, nottransmitted. Transformed intoother form of energy (P or K)

Front 51

Refracted

Back 51

Altered as it passesthrough another medium

-Rainbows

Front 52

Cornea

Back 52

The transparent“window” into the eyeball

Front 53

Aqueous humor

Back 53

The wateryfluid in the anterior chamber

Front 54

Pupil

Back 54

The dark circular openingat the center of the iris (coloredmuscular structure) in the eye,where light enters the eye

Front 55

Crystalline lens

Back 55

The lensinside the eye, which enableschanging focus. Focus iscontrolled by ciliary muscle.

Front 56

Zonules of Zinn

Back 56

connect theciliary muscles with the lens

Front 57

Vitreous humor

Back 57

Thetransparent fluid that fills thevitreous chamber in the posteriorpart of the eye

Front 58

Retina

Back 58

A light-sensitivemembrane in the back of the eyethat contains rods and cones,which receive an image from thelens and send it to the brainthrough the optic nerve

Front 59

Accommodation (change in focus)

Back 59

Lens shape ischanged, by the ciliary muscle, altering its refractive power

Front 60

Emmetropia

Back 60

The happy condition of no refractiveerror

Front 61

Myopia

Back 61

When the light entering the eye is focused infront of the retina and distant objects cannot be seensharply; nearsightedness

Front 62

Hyperopia

Back 62

When light entering the eye is focusedbehind the retina; farsightedness

Front 63

Presbiopia

Back 63

“old sight”. Hardening of the crystalline lens.The lens becomes sclerotic (harder) and the capsule thatencircles the lens (enabling it to change shape) loses itselasticity. Cannot focus on things as closely.

Front 64

Astigmatism

Back 64

A visual defect caused by the unequalcurving of one or more of the refractive surfaces of the eye,usually the cornea

Front 65

Photoreceptors

Back 65

Cells in the retina thattransduce light energy into neural energy