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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is behavioral genetics? |
Study of how genes interact with the environment |
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What is environment? |
Every non-genetic influence |
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Angelman's Syndrome |
15th chromosome Overly happy Sleeps very little suffers from mental retardation speech delay can't stretch |
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William Syndrome |
Missing genetic information very social limited intellectual ability die earlier 50% of offspring also have |
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Temperment |
Has biological basis child is born with a certain temperament predicts adult behavior |
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4 aspects of temperament |
1. Activity-vigorous motion (vs passive) Lays down and kicks legs 2. Emotionality- Easily aroused (v calm and stable) no character 3. Sociability- approaches and enjoys other (v aloof) friendly 4. Impulsivity- Aggressive and cold (v conscientious and friendly) climbing bunk bed |
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Effects of stressful enviroments |
Change our chemistry. More likely to be controlling and neurotic |
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Eysenk Model |
Extroverts have low levels of brain arousal (seek out stimulation) Introvert have higher levels of internal arousal (tend to shy away from stimulation social environment) EEG study show more active right hemispheres are more likely to overreact to negative stimuli (roller coaster) |
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Behavioral inhibition system |
Orienting response to novel situations (observe people) Response to punishments (act appropriately) Overactive (anxiety/avoidance) |
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Behavioral activation system |
regulating our responses to rewards (remember applause) Overactive(impulsive) |
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Sensation Seeking (Zuckerman) |
Low levels of internal arousal, so they are drawn to exciting and novel experience. Natural defects or disease caused weakness in dopamine systems: suseptible to addition (caffeine, cocaine) |
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Impulsivity and Serotonin |
Negatively related
Given to monkey and less impulsive |
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Minnesota Twin Study |
1. similarities in personality between people who have the same genetic make-up (MZ twins) 2. DZ are only as much a like as any other sibling 3. Sililarities: Abilities, attitudes, intelligence, interests, fears, brains waves, heart rate, personality: extro.intro |
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Schizophrenia and twins |
Genetically influenced, predisposition structural abnormalities found: Atrophy (deteriation of the brain) Fluid filled ventricles But... 50% chance both have, even reared apart |
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Sexual ID/ Homosexuality and twins |
MZ more likely than DZ twins to have the same orientation Anterior hypothalamus tend to be smaller in gay men |
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Bens " Exotic Becomes Erotic |
Temperaments influence behavior Girls who hang out with boys find them more relatable so other girls become erotic and interesting (same for boys) |
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Halo Effect |
(physical attractiveness) People expect attractive people to do good and be good (self fulfilling prophecy) |
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Cinderella Effect |
Step parent tend to treat biological child better than step child (even if only subtly) higher chances of abuse |
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Supertaster |
Strong preference for foods dont like alcohol determinate of where socialize (not bars) |
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Epigenetics |
Environment changes the genes. Observable in twins |
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Little Albert |
Watson believed personality was formed through classical conditioning (rat+loud noise=fear) |
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Phobias (Systematic Desensitization) |
Uncontrollable fearful response |
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How to get over a phobia |
1. Show the person fear (1-10 scale) 2. Start with the lowest and control breathe, ect 3. Intensify the phobia with the same process until there is no more fear |
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Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) |
Unconditioned stimulus (US) - Food produces Unconditioned Response (UR)- Salivation but Neutral Stimulus (NS)- Tone (sound) does not During conditioning N.S. + U.S. are paired = U.R. After Conditioning N.S.= Conditioned Stimulus (CS) elicits U.R.=Conditioned Response (CR) |
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Stimulus Generalization (Pavlov) |
Tendency to respond to a stimuli similar to the C.S. EX. Vibrated dogs thigh+ overtime= salivation Salivation occurred in areas around the thigh and created the same response BUT the further away from the thigh the less the salivation response |
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Stimulus Discrimination (Pavlov) |
Learned ability to distinguish between a C.S. and other stimulus Salivation in dog did not work with different tone levels. |
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Conditioning Neurotism |
Conditioned neuroticism by unstable environments. Gave insight into individual differences in responses |
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Skinner view on personality... |
Personality IS a group of responses to enviroment |
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Radical Determinism (Skinner) |
all behavior is caused by the enviroment Critiques: Rejected free will (influenced by Thorndikes Law of Effect) |
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Thorndikes law of effects |
Response to stimuli is pleasurable = response strengthened and Response to stimuli is harmful = response is weakened cat in the puzzle box: rewarded with sardines for escaping the puzzle box, so the action became faster. |
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(Shaping) Operant Conditioning |
R or P occur throughadd/ removing stimuli Rats: food (p), noise and electric shock (n) Humans: money, praise, hugs, candy (p) prison, chores (n) |
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Punishment |
decrease likelihood of behavior by introducing negative stimulus (dont study=failed exam = studying next time) |
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Negative reinforcment |
Increases likelihood of a behavior by removing negative stimuli ( Beep w/ no seat belt=put on seat belt) |
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Positive reinforement |
increases the likelihood of a behavior through rewards (good grade= money) |
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Mental illnes explanation (Donald and Miller) |
When goals are blocked or punished it can lead to aggressive or neurotic behavior |
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Internal Conflict ( Dollar and Miller) |
1. Approach-avoidance conflict Want to tell a joke but avoid in fear of negative response 2. Avoidance-avoidance conflict Multiple options with positive outcomes (accepted to two colleges) 3. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict Toothache but hate dentist |
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Advantages of Behaviorial Approach |
1. Requires rigorous empirical study 2. Look for general law that apply to all 3. Forces attention to enviromental influences on behavior |
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Limits of Behavioral Approach |
1. My dehumanize unique human potentials 2. Explains all differences between individuals as a consequence of their reinforcement histories 3. Views humans as objects to be trained |
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Jungs 4 Major Functions of the mind |
1. Sensing 2. Thinking 3. Feeling 4. Intuiting |
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Jungs Atittudes of the Mind |
1. Extrovert 2.Introvert |
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Myers Briggs |
Current Contribution: Extroversion:Social, external interaction<Energy: Where they focus thier time/thought>Introversion: Alone, internal thought Sensing: Practical, Realistic, Information, Logical(stats)<Information>Intuition: Big picture, overall importance, emotional Thinking:Rational, Pro/Con<Decisions>Feeling: Emotional. decide based on they or others feel Judging: Analyze, Make decision<Lifestyle> Percieving: Flexibility |
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Typlology |
Jung Each person fits one type best |
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Allport, Gordon |
Approached personality by identifying every adjective used to describe people (1936) 1,800 possible personality traits Philosophical, humanistic, scholarly approach |
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Personality (Allport) |
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Propium (Allport) |
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Personal Disposition |
1. Goals, motives or style: unique 2. Cardinal disposition: ruling passion 3. Central disposition: Fundamental qualities; finding out what they are passionate about |
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Cattell, RB |
Aimed to simplify Alports adjectives |
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Factor Analyisis |
Groups like responses together first statistics to create the model |
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16 Dimensions (Cattell) |
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The Big Five |
Moder Trait Approach Openess: Conscientiousnous Extroversion Agreeability Neuroticism |
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Openess |
to experiences, culture, intelligence, imagination, aestheic sense, curiosity |
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Conscienctiousness |
Lack of impusivity, competence, persistence, carefulness |
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Extroversion |
Level of sociablity, warmth, assertiveness |
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Agreeability |
Stronger in traits of straight forwardness, trust, altriusm (do for others), modesty |
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Neuroticism |
Emotionallt instable, anxiety, hostility, depression, vulnerability |
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Eysencks Big Three |
Traits are derived from 3 biological systems 1. Extroversion: Outgoingness and assertiveness 2. Neurotisism: Instability and apprehensive 3. Psychotism: Tendency toward psychopathly *most important |
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Self monitoring Scale |
10 T/F 0-4: Low Self Monitoring-DOnt care where you are act the same despite surrounding 5-6: Average- Can take on high or low self monitoring depending on situation 7-10: High Monitoring-Situational orientation, adjust acc ordingly |
