Psych 315 Exam Two

Front 1

Spotlight effect

Back 1

belief that other people are paying more attention to your appearance and behavior than they really are

Front 2

Illusion of transparency

Back 2

illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others

Front 3

self-concept

Back 3

a person's answers to "who am I?"

Front 4

self-schema

Back 4

beliefs about self that organize and guide processing self-relevant information

Front 5

possible selves

Back 5

images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future

Front 6

social comparison

Back 6

evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others

Front 7

individualism

Back 7

the concept of giving priority to one's own goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

Front 8

collectivism

Back 8

giving priority to the goals of one's groups (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly

Front 9

interdependent self

Back 9

constructing one's identity in relation to others

Front 10

planning fallacy

Back 10

tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task

Front 11

impact bias

Back 11

overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events

Front 12

immune neglect

Back 12

human tendency to underestimate the spread and the strength of the psychological immune system which enables emotional recovery and resilience

Front 13

dual attitudes

Back 13

differing implicit and explicit attitudes towards the same object, explicit attitude changes faster than implicit attitude

Front 14

self-esteem

Back 14

a person's overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth

Front 15

self-efficacy

Back 15

a sense that one is competent and effective distinguished from self-esteem
As assassin might have a strong self-efficacy but low self-esteem

Front 16

locus of control

Back 16

the extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts or as extremely controlled by chance or outside forces

Front 17

learned helplessness

Back 17

sense of helplessness and resignation learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated bad events

Front 18

self-serving bias

Back 18

tendency to perceive oneself favorably

Front 19

self-serving attributions

Back 19

a form of self-serving bias, the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to other factors

Front 20

defensive pessimism

Back 20

adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one's anxiety to motivate effective action

Front 21

false consensus effect

Back 21

tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and one's undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors

Front 22

false uniqueness effect

Back 22

tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities and desirable or successful behaviors

Front 23

group-serving bias

Back 23

explaining away outgroup member's positive behaviors, also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions

Front 24

self-handicapping

Back 24

protecting one's self-image with behaviors that create a handy excuses for later failure

Front 25

self-presentation

Back 25

act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to one's ideals

Front 26

self-monitoring

Back 26

being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting one's performance to create the desired impression

Front 27

priming

Back 27

activating particular associations in memory

Front 28

belief perseverance

Back 28

persistence of one's initial conceptions, as when the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives

Front 29

misinformation effect

Back 29

incorporating "misinformation" into one's memory of the event after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it
i.e. supposed child abuse cases

Front 30

controlled processing

Back 30

"explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious

Front 31

automatic processing

Back 31

"implicit" thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness, roughly corresponds to "intuition"

Front 32

overconfidence phenomenon

Back 32

tendency to be more confident than correct, to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs

Front 33

confirmation bias

Back 33

tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions

Front 34

heuristic

Back 34

a thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments

Front 35

representativeness heuristic

Back 35

tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling a typical member

Front 36

availability heuristic

Back 36

cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. If instances come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace

Front 37

counterfactual thinking

Back 37

imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn't

Front 38

illusory correlation

Back 38

perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists

Front 39

illusion of control

Back 39

perception of uncontrollable events as subjects to one's control or as more controllable than they are

Front 40

regression toward the average

Back 40

the statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward one's average

Front 41

misattribution

Back 41

mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source

Front 42

attribution theory

Back 42

theory of how people explain other's behavior by attributing it to internal dispositions or external situations

Front 43

dispositional attribution

Back 43

attributing behavior to the person's disposition and traits

Front 44

situational attribution

Back 44

attributing behavior to the environment

Front 45

spontaneous trait inference

Back 45

an effortless automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone's behavior

Front 46

self-awareness

Back 46

a self-conscious state in which attention focuses on oneself, it makes people more sensitive to their own attitudes and dispositions

Front 47

self-fulfilling prophecy

Back 47

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

Front 48

behavioral confirmation

Back 48

a type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people's social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations

Front 49

attitude

Back 49

a favorable or unfavorable evaluative reaction toward something or someone

Front 50

implicit association test

Back 50

a computer-driven assessment of implicit attitudes

Front 51

role

Back 51

a set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave

Front 52

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Back 52

tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Front 53

low-ball technique

Back 53

a tactic for getting people to agree to something, people who agree to an initial request will often still comply when the request ups the ante

Front 54

cognitive dissonance

Back 54

tension that arises when one is simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions
Example: Americans opinions of the Iraq invasion overtime

Front 55

insufficient justification

Back 55

reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one's behavior when external justification is "insufficient"

Front 56

self-perception theory

Back 56

theory that when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them as much as would someone observing us, by looking at our behavior and the circumstances under which it occurs

Front 57

overjustification effect

Back 57

the result of bribing people to do what they already like doing, they may see their actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing

Front 58

self-affirmation theory

Back 58

a theory that people often experience a self-image threat after engaging in an undesirable behavior, and they can compensate by affirming another aspect of the self

Front 59

"Making Sense of Self-Esteem" by Mark Leary

Back 59

Sociometer theory: self esteem is a function of social acceptance and is produced to measure avoidance of social devaluation and rejection

Leary's research supported this theory

Front 60

"Spotlight effect and Illusion of Transparency..."

Back 60

Research in article shows that both the spotlight effect and illusion of transparency occur in positive and negative experiences

Front 61

Terror Management Theory

Back 61

The awareness of one’s eventual death directly conflicts with the need for self- preservation and, if not properly “managed,” could potentially lead to incapacitating feelings of terror

AKA we invest in culture religion etc because we need to be a part of something less mortal than ourselves and violence results from threats to our immortal beliefs

Front 62

The Fishy Picture East vs West

Back 62

When looking at a picture of a small collection of fish in a tank researchers found Asians described environment and Americans described a single big fish

Front 63

Self-esteem and aggression

Back 63

people with extremely high self-esteem (narcissistic) are the most likely to be aggressive or violent because they perceive others as having insulted them more often

Front 64

BIRG

Back 64

Basking in reflected glory

basically taking credit for another's success

Example: We won the game vs they lost it