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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Self Control:
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Larger later reinforcers
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Impulsive:
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Smaller sooner reinforcers
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How is self controlled studied in adults?Children?Nonhumans?
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adults- hypothetical money choices
children- snacks (cracker now, doughnut later) nonhumans - food reinforcers |
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Reinforcer Delay Gradient:
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1) Value of reinforcer decreases as it's delay increases
2) Organism will choose reinforcer of higher value at moment choice is made ex. choosing to go to class the night before vs. choosing when your alarm goes off. |
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Precommitment Response:
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an individual makes a decision in advance which is difficult or impossible to change at a later time.
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Self Control in Animals:
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when studied with pigeons, the longer the delay, the more self control they had.
chose 2 sec delay and grain over 4 sec delay and grain. But chose 24 sec delay and grain over 20 sec delay and grain. |
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Improving Self Control:
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precommitment
give yourself deadlines self-reinforcement (immediate reinforcer for choosing larger later reinforcer) punish the choice of smaller sooner reinforcers |
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Animals choice in Variability vs Repetition (VI vs FI)=
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Variability
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Animals choice in Risk Prone vs. Risk Aversive=
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if trials were separate by longer delays = risk prone
when safe choices don't provdide enough, risk prone wins. |
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Tragedy of the Commons=
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when people acting in their individual short term interests make choices that are detrimental to society as a whole.
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Matching Law
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involves rate, amount and quality of reinforcement.
--the proportion of responses directed toward one alternative should = the proportion of responses delivered by that alternative B1/(b1+b2) = R1/(r1+r2) |
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How was the matching law tested in college students?
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4 students ( 3 confederates)
left and right confederates delivered verbal reinforcers on a VI sched when corresponding light was on. proportions matched! |
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Overmatching=
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a subjects response proportions are more extreme than the reinforcement proportions
on a 25% 75% schedule they respond on at a 15% 85% or 19% 81%. |
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Undermatching:
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Response proportions are consistently less extreme than reinforcement proportions
on a 25% 75% schedule, they respond at a 40% 60% |
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Bias matching=
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A subject consistently spends more time on one alternative than predicted by the matching equation
on a 25% 75%, they respond at a 35% 65 or 5% 95% |
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Single Choice situations of matching:
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There are "built in" reinforcers available for performing other behaviors such as grooming exploring, resting and so on.
Role of Context matters ex. giving a yoyo to a child on christmas morning vs. a boring day. |
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Children are more impulsive when:
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told to imagine food items
if they have no other activity to fill time if they observe impulsive adult models if they are not taught to tolerate gradually increasing delays. |
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Self control in children correlated with:
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concentration and tolerating frustration in adolescence
age IQ parenting style |
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Important variables in 'will-power'
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delays
amt of reinforcer learning history imitation |
