Psych 301 Chapter 9

Front 1

Communication:

Back 1

A process in which one individual sends a signal to other individuals and in turn the receiver responds to the original signal in some way

Front 2

Advantages of using sound:

Back 2

the signal radiates in all directions at once
Sound signals can be turned on and off

Front 3

Disadvantages of using sound:

Back 3

usually require a considerable amount of energy to produce and can be overheard but unintended receivers

Front 4

California ground squirrels sounds variations:

Back 4

whistling sound for large birds and chatter for ground predators

Front 5

Vervet Monkeys sound variations:

Back 5

run for the trees in a leopard call
look up for eagle call
look down for snake call

Front 6

Functions of Whale Sounds:

Back 6

availability to females
attract females and put off other males
herd cohesion

Front 7

Advantages of Visual Messages:

Back 7

can be transmitted quickly
convey a lot of information
highly directional
little cost in energy

Front 8

Disadvantages of Visual Messages:

Back 8

Can't be conveyed over long distances and are easily blocked by objects

Front 9

3 Functions of Tactile Communication:

Back 9

grooming communicates dominance and cements social relationships (cats, humans, primates)
initiate the giving of food (birds)
initiate transport of food (ants)

Front 10

Chemical Releaser:

Back 10

type of chemical messenger that directly affects the behavior of another individual

Front 11

Chemical Primer:

Back 11

type of chemical messenger that directly affects the behavior of another individual's physiology.

Front 12

2 Main theories for purposes of communication:

Back 12

1) Share info about what an animal is likely to do next
2) Communicate primarily to manipulate the behavior of others to increase their own fitness.

Front 13

Ritualization:

Back 13

the process by which behaviors become social releasers (elicits instinctive social behavior patterns in members of same species)

ex. Harring Gull chicks peck at red spot on top of parents beak that causes the parents to regurgitate.

Front 14

Four Functions of Communication for Animals in Groups:

Back 14

Recognition -bees are sprayed by queen
Group Coordination - killer whales make clicking sounds
Alarm - chirping in monkeys, rats secrete an alarm pherome
Hunting and Foraging - Chimps communicate location of food, wild dogs meet before a hunt to communicate what they are hunting for.

Front 15

Aggregations:

Back 15

groups of animals (herds, flocks, schools of fish) that move together, without definite structure or communication

Front 16

Communication:

Back 16

A process in which one individual sends a signal to other individuals and in turn the receiver responds to the original signal in some way

Front 17

Advantages of using sound:

Back 17

the signal radiates in all directions at once
Sound signals can be turned on and off

Front 18

Disadvantages of using sound:

Back 18

usually require a considerable amount of energy to produce and can be overheard but unintended receivers

Front 19

California ground squirrels sounds variations:

Back 19

whistling sound for large birds and chatter for ground predators

Front 20

Vervet Monkeys sound variations:

Back 20

run for the trees in a leopard call
look up for eagle call
look down for snake call

Front 21

Social Dominance

Back 21

some individuals have priority over others in terms of access ot food space and mates. Allows members to recognize each other as individuals and communicate the appropriate signals that indicate dominance/submission

Front 22

Rohwer and Rohwers study on Harris Sparrows

Back 22

The darker blacker plumage on birds are worn by the dominant aggressive. The dark plumage acts to reduce aggression because the light colored birds have learned to respect and back down.

Front 23

Advantages of those under dominance relationships in groups?

Back 23

1. Provides stability
2. Destructive aggression is minimized
3. In the long hall, fitness of a species in enhanced if only the most aggressive animals are allowed to breed
4. Helps spread populations out (loser leave territory)

Front 24

Caste:

Back 24

A special group within the larger colony that performs only certain tasks --> Provides organization

Front 25

Costs of living in groups:

Back 25

1. Increase Competition
2. Increase exposure to disease
3. Interference with reproduction
4. Increase conspicousness
5. Overcrowding

Front 26

Benefits of Living in Groups?

Back 26

1. Increase Vigilance ( Larger flocks of birds spot predators faster)
2. Dilution ( Cicadas emerge all at one to decrease chance of being eaten)
3. Cover ( fish at center of school use those around him as shields)
4. Group Defense (Mobbing in song birds)
5. Group hunting/attack (lions and hyena can attack larger prey

Front 27

How is exchange of information beneficial?

Back 27

leads to food.

ex. ants leave chemical trail that leads to sit of food.