Psych 301 Chapter 5

Front 1

Learning

Back 1

A process by which long-lasting changes in behavior are acquired as a result of experience. It is infered by performance and overt changes in behavior.

Front 2

Habituation

Back 2

Decrease of disappearance of a built-in, natural response to a stimulus that occurs when the animal repeatedly encounters the stimulus.
Example: Birds and a Scarecrow.

Front 3

Sensitization

Back 3

Time is augumented then eventually habituated.

Complex 10x10 picture created a sensitization period in infants looking time.

Front 4

Classical Conditioning

Back 4

takes advantage of the fact that an animal already exhibits a certain built in response. Association between two stimuli.

Example: an animal being attacked in a former neutral place will teach the animal to avoid that place in the future.

Front 5

Operant Conditioning

Back 5

How associative responses are strenghtened and maintained once they are learned.

an association between a stimulus situation and a response.

Example - rat learned to press a bar becuase a bar press was followed by food presentation

Front 6

Shaping

Back 6

successive approximations to a desired response are reinforced until the desired response occurs.

Front 7

Factors of Punishment

Back 7

Intensity
Consistency
Immediacy
Suddenness
Brevity

Front 8

Insightful Learning

Back 8

Gradual, unprepared, when an animals sees all at once meaningful relationships among stimuli that was not perceived before.

Example - chimps and the two stick problem

Front 9

Spatial Learning

Back 9

learning the layout of the environment and remembering where activities took place or where object were left.

examples : Bee wolves, Clark's nutcracker

Front 10

Cognitive Maps

Back 10

cognitive representation of spatial relationships in environment. Special is food hoarders like chimps, birds and rats

Front 11

Observational Learning

Back 11

Learns by observation where no obvious reinforcement to either is taking place. Imitation can be performed days or weeks after original observation

Front 12

General Process Theory

Back 12

All cases of learning obey the same fundamental laws regardless of the species
All stimuli and responses are equally likely to become associated.

Front 13

Ecological Perspective on Learning

Back 13

Species differ in what is important for them to learn and remember.

Organisms are adaptive specialists

Front 14

Preparedness

Back 14

each species has genetic predispositions to learn in certain ways and not in others.

Front 15

Instinctive Drift

Back 15

something an organism brings like tendencies and potentials that interfere with learning because sometimes the learning tasks provoke their manifestations.

example. Racoons with one coin, then with two.

Front 16

Preparedness in Parent off spring Recognition

Back 16

Important in colonial environments, not so important in a solitary environment.