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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Difference between psychologists and biologists
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Psych- how behavior is modified by experience and learning
Bio- internal physiological processes, habitats, hormones, genes, etc. |
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Differences between traditional approaches and recent ecology approach?
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Traditionally animal behavior has been comparative psychology, where as the recent ecological appproach has been studying the interacions with each other and their surroundings.
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Aristotle
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First systematic study of animals
First individual whose writings on these topics have survived to present. Developed "ladder of nature" and 'genus' and 'species' |
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Mind Body Dualism
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The body and soul are made of different substances, only humans had immortal, incorporeal souls therefore we couldn't learn anything about humans through animals
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Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
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performed dissections on dead humans and animals - contradicting Aristotle he found that the mind and personality were in the brain
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Rene Descarte (1596-1650)
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Voluntary (mind) and Involuntary(reflexes) behaviors. Humans had both, animals only had reflexs. But they both shared some processes.
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Linnaeus(1707-1778)
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created modern system of classifying and naming animal species.
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Lamarck (1744-1829)
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Inheritance of acquired characteristics.
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Darwin theory of evolution
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very revolutionizing -placed humans in the animal kingdom.
Differences in humans and animals are quantitative not qualitative. |
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Evolution as fact and theory
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Fact - proof of organisms evoloving from older organisms.
Theory - natural selection is the mechanism of change. |
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George Romanes (1848-1894)
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animal behavior should be studied for the purpose of understanding the behavior of humans. Differences only exist in complexity.
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Anthropomorphism
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attributing human characteristics to animals. (regarded as invalid - overestimate animal's abilities)
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Morgan's Canon (Law of Parsimony)
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we should not look for more complex or sophisticated explanations for animal behavior if simpler ones are available.
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Goals of American Behaviorism
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complete objectivity (no speculation on the mind) very controlled experiments
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Frank Beach
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implored comparative psychologists of his time to examine species other than the rat and processes other than learning and conditioning.
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Ethological appraoch to animal behavior that developed in Europe after WW2
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trained biologists did field studies on animals in their habitat to find the purpose of behavior and how it evolved
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Species
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a particular group or population of animals that naturally interbreed
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Classification name =
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Genus (group with similar phenotypic similarities and evolutionary relationships) + modifier of traits
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Taxonomic classifications change due to...
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evolutionary changes.
example: giant panda classified as bear or racoon? |
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Functional (Ultimate) Causes
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what does the behavior accomplish for the individual? These are the product of the evolutionary development of the species
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Proximate (Mechanical) Causes
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Immedieate stimuli that provoke a behavior at the time it occurs. Usually starts with environmental stimuli but leads to examination of processes inside the organism.
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Purposeful (Not to be confused with Functional!)
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a degree of future planning or consciousness.
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Honeybees
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Mechanism =Low pitched sounds and the way a dancer bee moves tells other bees the direction and how far away the nectar is. Function = need for nectar.
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Sign Stimulus
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any stimulus that reliably elictis a Fixed Action Pattern. Releaser = stimuli that is a member of the same species.
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Anecdotal Method
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informal method that weaves facts and observations together that are enhanced to tell a story.
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