Psych 300 Vision

Front 1

v1, v2

Back 1

V1-primary visual cortex - can consciouslyvisualize a scene (damage = blindsight: unconscious response to stim)
V2: further processing, then sends to other areas

Front 2

parvocelular path, manocellular path, mixed path

Back 2

parvo - details of shape: inferior temporal cortex
magoncellular: movemnt: MT, MST
mixed: color & brighhtness: posterior inferior temp cortex

Front 3

ventral stream
dorsal stream

Back 3

v- "what" pathway distinguishing objects: temporal cortex
d- "where" having to do w movemnt (finding object): parietal

Front 4

simple cell
complex cell
end stopped

Back 4

simple V1 - smallest, fixed bar or edge
complex V1&V2 medium. bar/edge not fixed, esp if moving perpendicular
end stoped - V1 & V2, largest receptive feild, same as complex, but inhibitory zone

Front 5

prosopagnasia

Back 5

cant recognize faces, fusiform gyrus

Front 6

MT
MST

Back 6

motion perception V5
MT detect if car moves in relation to the world (not retina)
MST - detect if object tilts in relation to retina or head tilt

Front 7

retinal disparity
strabismus
astigmatism

Back 7

1) disparity btwn what L and R eye sees w binocular vision
2) lazy eye - weak or damaged eye muscle
3) assymetrical curvature in eye, blurred vision of lines in one direction

Front 8

amplitude - loudnes
frequency - pitch

Back 8

Amplitude: Intensity of a sound wave. Loudness is the perception of intensity.
Frequency: Number of compressions per second, measured in hertz (Hz) of a sound.
Pitch: The perception of frequency (the higher the frequency of a sound, the higher its pitch).

Front 9

auditory pathway

Back 9

pinnia, tympanic membrane (eardrum), incus, stapes mallus, make it louder, oval window, fluid filled cochlea / hair cells (basilar & tectorial membrane - displacement opens sodium channels AP

Front 10

place
frequency
current
volley

Back 10

PLACE -a frequency activates hair cells at only one plce (piano string analogy) but some areas bound to tightly to rsonate individuallylike string
FREQUENCY-vibrates in synchrony w sound producing AP's of the same frequency (but max firing rate is 1000Hz, and we can hear up to 20K)
current: place for low frequ up to 100Hz, frequency for the rest
volley - the nerve as whole produces a volley of impulses

Front 11

structure of basilar membrane of cochlea ( where do the frequencies fit)

Back 11

lowest inside the curl, floppiest 100Hz Place max, the highest at outside spiral 20000Hz,stiff

Front 12

auditory pathway

Back 12

sound to cochlear nucleus through ipsilateral ear crosses over at superior olive to inferior coliculus to medial geniculate to aditory cortex (A1)

Front 13

sound shadow
time of arrival
phase

Back 13

1) locate source through frequency (above 2000Hz)
2) sudden sound - will arrive to closer ear slightly faster
3) phase, detect diff in sound wave enter & exit (low waves only)

Front 14

pain and touch pathways

Back 14

pain travels up sp cord on contralateral side
touch travels on ipsilateral -- at medulla they both travelon contralateral side.

Front 15

periaqueductal grey area
opiod mchanism

Back 15

opiate and endorphins (they bind to opiod receptors) bind to pain recptors in spinal cord and periaqu.. of the midbrain

Front 16

histamine itch
cowhage itch

Back 16

histamine released if tissue damage - dilates bld vess, make itch. antihistamines block histimine itch
cowage itch releived by capsaicin

Front 17

label lined
across fiber

Back 17

each receptor haslimited range of stimuli,
across - receptors respond to wider range, but individually that doesnt give much info, need to have many stimulated

Front 18

taste buds
papillae

Back 18

1) receptors ontongue
2) where taste buds are located mostly on outside edge of tounge

Front 19

miraclin
adaptation
cross adaptation

Back 19

berry that makes sour taste sweet - (so dont neeed sugar)
2) you get usd to the taste of something (vinegar) after several tastes
3) reduced response to tast after exposure to another (after tried adaptation experiment, taste sensitivity is fatigued, so if you try salty, sweet, bitter they will al taste similar)

Front 20

salty
sour
sweet bitter umami

Back 20

salty- ionotropic - sodium crosses membrane (AP)
sour - ionotropic - potassium kept from leaving (AP)
sw, bitt, umam: 2nd messenger G protein - metabotropic

Front 21

taste pathway
Supertaster
insula

Back 21

taste nerves go to NTS in medulla - topons, hypo& thal, amygdala....
- can taste PTC chemial
insula is the primary tate cortex

Front 22

olfaction
pathway

Back 22

smell
2nd messenger g protein, crosses cell membrae 7 times

Front 23

VNO
diff betn olfatory receptors and VNO
VNO resonse in humans

Back 23

vomeronasal organ - detects phermones but v small in humans
2) olfactory recptors adapt to smell, but VNO continue to respond
3) synchronized menstruation

Front 24

parkinsons characteristics

Back 24

rigidity, muscle tremor, slow movemnt, difficult to initiate physical and mental activity. (motor & cognitive problems)
cause: death of nueron in substania nigra that make dopamine. dopamine excites caudate/putamen--globus, so lack of it + less excitation to thalamus.

Front 25

parkinson cause
txmt

Back 25

MPTP, drug, pesticide, genetic - influence early onset primarily
tmnt: L dopa (but doesnt stop the substantia nigra cells from dying,
fetal brain tissue, antioxidents, stem cells, etc

Front 26

huntingtons characteristics

Back 26

motor- arm jerks, facial twitch, tremor & writhing-- depression, addiction, sleep, memory sexual, etc disorders

Front 27

huntingtons cause
txmnt

Back 27

dominant X gene, abnormanlity on chromosome #4, if there are over 35 C-A-G repitions, at risk for disease
txmnt: huntingtin protein found, reesarch tofind drug that blocks glutamate, another intereferes w RNA expression of the Huntington gene, also increased sleep may help