Psych 3 Lecture 9

Front 1

What is the pupil?

Back 1

where light enters the eye (hole in the iris)

Front 2

What is the iris?

Back 2

contractile tissue that gives your eyes their color, controls size of pupil

Front 3

What is sensitivity?

Back 3

ability to detect objects in dim lighting (iris)

Front 4

What is acuity?

Back 4

ability to see details (high when pupils constricted) (iris)

Front 5

What is the lens?

Back 5

behind the pupil and focuses light
on the retina

Front 6

What is accommodation?

Back 6

adjusting the shape of the lenses to
bring images into focus (lens)

Front 7

What is convergence?

Back 7

turning inward to see objects up close (lens)

Front 8

What is binocular disparity?

Back 8

difference in the position of the
same image on 2 retinas->enables you to construct a 3-D perception from two 2-D images on your retinas (lens)

Front 9

What is the retina?

Back 9

5 layers of cells that line the back of the eye

Front 10

What is the photoreceptor layer?

Back 10

contains the receptors for light (retina)

Front 11

What is the retinal ganglion cell layer?

Back 11

sends axons to the brain (retina)

Front 12

Why do eyes have a blind spot?

Back 12

Inside-out configuration; the receptors are on the 5th layer, furthest away from the lens; when activated, the neurochemical signal then travels back through the other 4 layers to the brain (blind spot= where the axons pass out to the brain)

Front 13

What are the 2 types of receptors on the retina?

Back 13

cones and rods

Front 14

What are the cones?

Back 14

photopic vision; good-lighting, high acuity, low sensitivity, color; dense in fovea; not activated in dim light; low convergence from retina

Front 15

What are the rods?

Back 15

scotopic vision; dim-lighting, low acuity, high sensitivity, no color; activated in dim light; high convergence from retina

Front 16

Ultimately, information from the RIGHT visual field ends up where?

Back 16

LEFT field cortex

Front 17

What is the optic nerve?

Back 17

one of the cranial nerves that visual information travels through which exits the eye

Front 18

What does the ipsilateral set of optic nerve travel through?

Back 18

carrys information from the lateral (outside) part of the retina

Front 19

What does the contralateral set of optic nerve travel through?

Back 19

crosses over at the optic chiasm and carries information from the medial (inside) part of the retina

Front 20

Information from the left visual field goes to which LGN?

Back 20

RIGHT

Front 21

How does LGN enter cortex?

Back 21

on-center and off-center cells in Layer
IV of cortex (where information from the LGN enters cortex)

Front 22

What kind of receptors are there in the visual cortex?

Back 22

on center (cells fire when light hits the center of their receptive field) and off center (cells fire when light hits the
periphery of their receptive field)

Front 23

What are ocular dominance columns?

Back 23

the columns in the visual cortex for each eye alternate so each column
contains clusters of cells dealing with
information from each eye

Front 24

What are dual-opponent color cells?

Back 24

cells are turned on or off when the center of their receptive fields is activated by a hue or a particular wavelength and the periphery is
activated by a different wavelength in visual cortex

Front 25

Where are dual-opponent cells located and how are they arranged?

Back 25

located in the middle of ocular dominance columns; arranged in columns penetrating all the layers
of the cortex

Front 26

How is sensory information processed?

Back 26

in parallel through 2 streams
-Conscious stream: we are aware of what we are sensing
-Unconscious stream: we are not aware of what we are sensing

Front 27

What is the Primary (Striate) Visual Cortex?

Back 27

receives information from the LGN; allows seeing edges and lines (on center, off center cells)

Front 28

Damage to the Primary (Striate) Visual Cortex causes....

Back 28

scotoma=blindness

Front 29

Where does visual information travel after the Primary (Striate) Visual Cortex?

Back 29

visual association cortex

Front 30

What does the visual
association cortex do?

Back 30

integrates visual information with other sensory information and generates movement

Front 31

Where does visual information go after the visual association cortex?

Back 31

subcortical stuctures that deal with memory and emotion

Front 32

What happens if there is damage to dorsal stream of higher visual cortical processing areas?

Back 32

Difficulty reaching for objects they can
describe

Front 33

What happens if there is damage to ventral stream of higher visual cortical processing areas?

Back 33

Can reach for objects they cannot describe what it is

Front 34

What is the tympanic membrane?

Back 34

Vibrations are caused in this membrane by sound waves traveling down the auditory canal

Front 35

Where do sound vibrations travel after the tympanic membrane?

Back 35

ossicles(3 bones)

Front 36

Where do sound vibrations travel after the ossicles?

Back 36

the fluid in the cochlea

Front 37

What is the cochlea lined with?

Back 37

a membrane called the organ of Corti

Front 38

What happens after pressure waves travel along the organ of Corti?

Back 38

stimulates hair cells which trigger action potentials in the auditory nerve (cranial nerve)

Front 39

How is the auditory system organized?

Back 39

tonotopic manner
-There is a hierarchial organization to auditory processing
-Each level of the system is organized
-like a map of the organ of Corti

Front 40

What is the medial
geniculate nucleus of the
thalamus (MGN)?

Back 40

Where auditory information is process before being sent to primary, secondary and association auditory cortex

Front 41

What is the vestibular system responsible for?

Back 41

balance

Front 42

What do semi-circular canals do?

Back 42

sensing the direction and intensity of head

Front 43

What does damage to semi-circular canals cause?

Back 43

imbalance, nausea, dizziness