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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the exteroceptive system sense?
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external stimuli that are applied to the
skin |
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What does the proprioceptive system sense?
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information about the position of the body from receptors in muscles, joints and organs of balance (like the ear)
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What does the interoceptive system sense?
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information about internal state of the
body (e.g., temperature, blood pressure etc). |
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What is the somatosensory system?
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external and internal sensory information from your body
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What are the three divisions of the exteroreceptive somatosensory?
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Mechanical stimuli = touch
Thermal stimuli = temperature Nociceptive stimuli = pain |
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What do free nerve endings sense?
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temperature change and pain
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What are the pacinian corpuscles?
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largest and deepest receptors that can adapt rapidly(don't notice clothes); sudden displacements of skin=touch
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What is the dorsal root?
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where axons carrying sensory information from the cutaneous receptors gather to enter the spinal cord
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What are deratomes?
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the area of the body that sends sensory information into the left and right dorsal roots
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What kind of information does the dorsal-column medial lemniscus system deal with?
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touch and proprioception
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Where do sensory neurons enter the cord? (dorsal-column medial lemniscus system)
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dorsal root
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In the dorsal column of the cord neurons travel....(dorsal-column medial lemniscus system)
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ipsilaterally (on the same side of
the body) |
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After the medulla where do sensory neurons snapse? (dorsal-column medial lemniscus system)
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second order neurons
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After sensory information passes second order neurons from the
medulla.....(dorsal-column medial lemniscus system) |
they decussate (cross-over) in the hindbrain and travel to the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus
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Neurons from the thalamus then travel to.... (dorsal-column medial lemniscus system)
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primary somatosensory cortex
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What does damage to the dorsal-column medial lemniscus system's cord cause?
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loss of sensation on the same side of body
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What does damage to the dorsal-column medial lemniscus system's thalamus or cortex cause?
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loss of /reduction in of sensation on opposite side of body
-touch -proprioception |
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What information does the anterolateral system deal with?
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pain and temperature
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Sensory neurons enter the cord in
the.... (anterolateral) |
dorsal root
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After the dorsal root sensory neurons snapse almost immediately onto.....(anterolateral)
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second order neurons
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Second order neurons then.... (anterolateral)
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decussate (cross over) in the cord
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After crossing over in the cord sensory neurons travel.....
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contralaterally (on the opposite side of the body) in the anterolateral (on the side, near the front) column of the cord.
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What are the 3 tracts of the anterolateral system?
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spinothalamic, spinoreticular, spinotectal
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Where does spinothalamic system travel?
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up the cord and into the thalamus (ventral posterior nucleus)
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Where does spinoreticular system travel?
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synapse in the hindbrain in the reticular activating system; 3rd order neurons to the thalamus (parafascicular nuclei and intralaminar nuclei)
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Where does the spinotectal system travel?
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synapse in the tectum (colliculi)
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What does damage to the anterolateral system's cord cause?
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loss of pain sensation from opposite side of the body
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What does damage to the anterolateral's thalamus or cortex cause?
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loss of /reduction in of pain from opposite side of body
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All nuclei of the thalamus that are
involved in somatosensation then send projections to the..... |
primary somatosensory cortex
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What does somatotopic organization mean?
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(organized according to a map of the body’s surface); “strips” corresponding to each sensation we feel (e.g., touch vs. temperature)
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What is the map of somatosensory called?
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homunculus
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What is the parietal cortex?
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association cortex
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What happens if there is damage to the cortical portion of the somatosensory pathways?
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decreased touch sensitivity, decreased proprioception, decreased “haptic” sense (asterognosia), subtle motor impairments
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What is asterognosia?
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difficulties identifying an object by
touch |
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What is asomatognosia?
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difficulty recognizing parts of one’s own
body |
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What is reorganization?
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the major process through which function is restored in the CNS after damage
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What is a phantom limb?
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the sensation that a limb is still attached to the body after amputation
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What is phantom pain?
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the sensation of pain in a limb that has been amputated
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All secondary/supplemental motor
cortical areas send projections to the.... |
primary motor cortex (Activation of an area in the primary motor cortex results in muscle movement)
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What does somatotopic mean?
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organized according to a map of the body’s surface
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What is the map of the primary motor cortex called?
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motor homunculus
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What does damage to the primary motor cortex cause?
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-moving a particular muscle
group -reduction in speed, accuracy and force of movements -do not completely eliminate voluntary movement |
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The cell bodies of motor neurons that
travel down the cord originate in the.... |
motor cortex
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What does dorsolateral mean?
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towards the back; on the side
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What does ventromedial mean?
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towards the front; in the middle
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corticospinal (dorsolateral)
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from the motor cortex to the cord; direct control over motor neurons of distal muscles, decussate in the medulla; control over contralateral side of body
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corticorubral (dorsolateral)
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from motor cortex to red nucleus in midbrain to secondary
neurons that travel down the cord; indirect control over motor neurons of distal muscles, decussate in the medulla; control over contralateral side of the body |
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Corticospinal (ventromedial)
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from the motor cortex to the cord; direct control over motor neurons of proximal muscles, travel ipsilaterally; control over the same side of the body
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cortico-brainstem-spinal (ventromedial)
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from motor cortex to diffuse regions of the brainstem to secondary neurons that travel down the cord; indirect control over motor neurons of proximal muscles, travel ipsilaterally; control over the same side of the body
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What is the vestibular nucleus?
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balance from ears
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Cell bodies of the motor neurons are in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and send axons via.....
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ventral root
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Motor neuron excitation produces....
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muscle contraction = basis of all movement
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The spinal cord reflex....
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Involves somatosensory input to motor neurons; can be 1 synapse
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The brainstem reflex...
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Involves visual, auditory input to
motor neurons; e.g. orienting reflexes |
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The cortical control of behavior...
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Involves perception of sensory input and frontal cortex control of motor cortices
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Orienting reflex in response to movement....
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visual info to the superior colliculi (in brainstem) goes to primary motor neuron (before going to cortex)
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Orienting reflex in response to sound....
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info to the inferior colliculi (in brainstem) goes to primary motor neuron (before going to cortex)
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Where does the cortical sensorimotor system start?
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Sensory cortices
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What do the sensory cortices do?
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provide input to association areas in parietal lobe
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What does the parietal cortex do?
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position of parts of the body and location of objects in our external
environment |
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Where is the output of the parietal cortex?
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frontal cortex
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What does the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex do?
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descision to move
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Where is the output of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?
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secondary motor cortices (via basal ganglia)
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What does the secondary motor cortex do?
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provide “motor program” info to primary motor cortex
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What does the primary cortex do?
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makes you MOVE!
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What does the prefrontal cortex do?
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makes decision with information
from post parietal ctx ->sends commands to secondary motor cortex |
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The secondary motor
cortices activate... |
Primary motor cortex (M1)
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What does damage to the sensorimotor system association cortex in the parietal lobe cause?
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Apraxia and Contralateral neglect
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What is apraxia?
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difficulty making specific movements when requested to do so
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What is contralateral neglect?
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inability to respond to stimuli on one side of the body opposite the lesion
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What does damage to the sensorimotor system association cortex dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex cause?
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-Difficulty planning to make voluntary
movements -poor decision making |
