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467 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Imitation of Aggression |
in hallways, if you see agressive behavior gives you ways to potentially do |
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Two Additional Effects of agression: |
appetite effect , Forbidden Fruit Effect = wants what cant have, |
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Risk Factor Model of Aggression
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agression accumulation of risk : peers, personality, media |
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Social Relations |
Attraction |
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Social Relations |
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Men and women prefer in general prefer feminine feature in men. T-F |
T
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when women are ovulating prefer
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extreme masculine
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when women aren't ovulating prefers |
feminized version
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Attractiveness |
as women gain more power and money- there is a shifting of these preferences
women attracted to wealth and status men attracted to young and fertile |
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SEXUAL STRATEGIES Men
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have 2 different ones- how evolution would explain- short and long term
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FEMALE SEXUAL STRATEGIES
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investment women much greater in baby- find a good mate- and find someone who has caretaker or resources |
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women with money and power now are sauting out younger and attractive (fertile men) t/f
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True
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Pheromones |
chemical or set chemicals produced by peoples |
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Social Relations
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passionate (Romantic) love,
Companionate Love |
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passionate (Romantic) love
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usually happens immediately- exciting state- sexual desire to be with the person
ignore persons flaws or irritating behaviors intense positive absorption associated with neurotransmitter PEA usually take 3 or 4 years before it loses some of the intensity- one of reason people have affairs- as passionate part of relationship disappears- and dissapate- all relationships will fade over time.. as this wains another tupe of love arrises: companionate |
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Companionate Love
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after romance passion- deep affection, attachment, where people have been together for a while |
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Psychoanalytic perspective |
may interprete how and what you say subconscious sneaky and info leaks through disguised (theory - |
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Preconsious |
things with little trouble to bring into conscious |
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Freud felt that in each of five stages has an erogenous zone
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when problems arise may get stuck in stages-
-freud called fization |
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Fixation
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Freud felt that in each of five stages has an erogenous zone.. when problems arise may get stuck in stages |
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Five stages freud
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Oral stage, anal stage, Phallic stage, Latency stage, Genital stage |
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Oral stage
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Birth-a year |
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Anal stage
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1-3 years |
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Phallic Stage
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(3-5 years)focus of pleasure shifts to genitals, oedipus or electra complex can occur freud believes they are natural comlexes that occur that get resolved |
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Latency Stage
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5-puberty |
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Genital Stage
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puberty, sexual feelings re-emerge and are oriented toward others |
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Freudian Theory: Defense
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defense mechanisms- meant for dealing with anxiety, inappropriate thoughts and feelings sublimation, displacement formal reaction Rationalization |
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Projection
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project onto someone else that bothers you about yourself |
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Denial
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ex= bridge to terabithia- boy asks to bring dead best friend to museum
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Problems with Freud
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not been completely disbanded
has been modified and changed a bit not a lot of support these days- not much predictability no evidence too many hypotheticals such as id, ego, superego |
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personality disorders hard to discern from clinical syndromes (now grouped with)
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true
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global assessment functioning |
how able are they to work |
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Anxiety Disorders |
Primary disturbance is very distressing, persistent anxiety- maladaptive behaviors (Staying shut in or prevent symptoms) that reduce anxiety |
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OCD
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obsessions |
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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) |
-follows traumatic event such as war, rape, or assault common experience |
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Major Depression |
prolonged very severe depression, lasts without remission for atleast 2 weeks -needs to be there for a significant amount of time in order to be diagnosed |
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less severe than major, very long lasting depression, hast to be atleast two years to be classified |
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Paraphilias
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-Voyeurism,Fetishism- Pedophilia-Zoophilia, Schizophrenia |
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Voyeurism
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sexual attraction to watching unconsenting ppl nude or engaged in sexual activity - differentiating colloquial terms to psychological terms is important- |
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Fetishism
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for to be a fetish in the dsm has to be an inanimate object.
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Pedophilia-
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needs to be prepubescent child -they believe they are right and everyone else is wrong. -most are heterosexual 11:1
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Zoophilia |
preference for animals over humans
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problem with internet- can find others with same and normalize T/F |
True
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Schizophrenia- |
often gets confuzed with dissociative personality disorder. |
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Personality Disorders how many types what are 3 |
6 different types |
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Narcissistic: |
Exaggerated ideas of self importance and achievements, preoccupation with fantasies of success-arrogance |
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Dyssocial personality Disorder (Antisocial) |
Shameless disregard for, and violation of, other peoples rights-kill and don’t feel guilty |
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Borderline |
Affect instability, impulsive and reckless behaviors, impaired ability to form stable interpersonal relationships polar extreems- treat ppl incredibly well and then awful |
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Forensic psychology or forensic psychiatry involves
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the intersection of mental health and legal issues |
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Insight therapy- Psychodynamic therapy (who and what)
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freud, psychological problems result from inner mental conflicts / must make these conflicts conscious
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Resistance in Insight therapy
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Patients resist attempts to bring unconscious into conscious, unconscious material causes anxiety/ "forgetting" / refusing to discuss certain topics
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Transference
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patients unconscious feeling about person in their life experienced as feelings toward therapist
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Psychodynamic, Insight therapym analysts job is
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to make inferences about patients unconscious conflicts |
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In order for insight therapy to work patient must accept insights of therapists T/F
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true |
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Once patient experiences them consciously in insight therapy they can
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modify or express them
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Insight therapy- person centered therapy (who, what)
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Carl Rogers, focus on thoughts abilities, cleverness of client -unconditional positive regard (no matter what client is worthy and capable) Genuin
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Carl Rogers
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inisght therapy believed in focus on thoughts abilities of client, unconditional positive regard and genuiness |
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Unconditional Positive regard
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client is worthy and capable no matter what client does or says, creates safe nonjudgmental atmosphere
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genuiness
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therapist is truly empathetic and warm
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Which therapy theory would this be under (people disturb themselves with their own thoughts)
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Cognitive therapy (I must be perfect, everyone must love me, the past determines the future, it is catastrophic when things don't go as planned
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Goals of cognitive therapy
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identify maladaptive ways of thinking, replace these with adaptive ways |
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Albert Ellis- Cognitive therapy rational-emotive therapy
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-dont need to be soft and genuin- clients- -negotive emotions arise- something occurs and the way you think about it is improper- from peoples irrational interpretations of experiences, emotional consequences musterbations, awfulizing |
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musterbations
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irrational belief that you must do or have something |
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awfulizing
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mental exaggeration of setbacks
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Ellis's ABC theory of emotions
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A- activating event in the environment / B- belief triggered in clients mind by event / C- emotional consequence of the belief |
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Behavioral Therapy: Operant conditioning techniques(3 directions)
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Time out, token economies, stimulus satiation
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Time outs
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removing the individual from the reinforcing situation/Operant conditioning techniques
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token economies
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using tokens that can be exchanged for other items or privileges a reinforcer /Operant conditioning techniques
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bed wetting
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pad alarm not used for age groups too young, older
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sticker programs good for
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mentally retarded
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stimulus satiation
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giving the person too much of a desired thing so as to reduce its attraction /Operant conditioning techniques
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Behavioral therapy: classical conditioning techniques (3)
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Flooding / systematic desensitization / aversion therapy
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Aversion treatment used for, how treated
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-have a bad habit will then try to replace pleasant stimulus with something bad -classical conditioning -used for drinking, smoking, gambling/ painful or unpleasant stimulus follows the unwanted behavior |
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Flooding
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classical conditioning / immerse consenting person in the fear stimulus, after fear subsides, calm sets in, is associated with the feared object immersion in consenting person in fear stimulus -naturally calm down and get over fear -- could cause more trama if cant handling more likely to se Systematic desensitization |
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Systematic desensitization |
teach relaxation/ create hierarchy ranging from least to most feared stimulus, work through hierarchy while maintaining calm/ first train how to relax- start small, just picture heart rate is high, through relaxation calms down.. next Time shown picture doesn’t freak out . |
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T/F some disorder very biological (like schizaphrenia) if environmental (depression or anxiety) |
TRUE |
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Meta- analysis
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procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies
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which psychotherapies will be most effective for treating depression?
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Behavioral, cognitive, person centered
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Which psychotherapies will be most effective for treating Anxiety?
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Cognitive, Systematic Desensitization
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Which psychotherapies will be most effective for treating Bulimia?
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cognitive- behavior
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Which psychotherapies will be most effective for treating bet wetting?
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behavior modification
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General conclusions about therapy effectiveness
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people in treatment do better than those not / some therapists are better than others- warm understanding and motivated
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Biomedical treatments are attempts to solve...
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the disorder by altering bodily processes
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History in biomedical treatments
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blood letting, trephining- drilling holdes in the head
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Biomedical therapies
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psychoactive drugs highly successful in reducing in- patient population
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Drug Therapies
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many patients ill-preparedness to cope independently outside in the society
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_____% of homeless are mentally ill
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15% |
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more and more use of psychoactive drugs for therapy since 1977 t/f
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true
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Goals of pharmacotherapy-acute treatment
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used to alleviate the symptoms of an actively occurring disorder |
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Goals of pharmacotherapy-continuation treatment
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Goal: to prevent a relapse into the same episode for which treatment began |
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Goals of pharmacotherapy-maintenance treatment
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Goal: to prevent recurrences by the ongoing maintenance use of a medication
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Antipsychotic drugs used for
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schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders
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antipsychotic drugs work on
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neurotransmitter dopamine |
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Stress
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Process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threats and challenges
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General Adaption syndrome
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Proposed by hans selye consists of 3 stages: alarm, resistance and exhaustion responds no matter what causes stress /bodies adaptive response to stress |
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Stressful life events |
Catastrophes, life changes, daily hassles
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catastrophes
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large scale events, war, earthquake, can have significant health consequences
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Life changes
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death, marriage, divorce, loss of job, make person more vulnerable to disease
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daily hassles
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annoying events in everyday life, rush hour , roommate, cumulative effect on health
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Social readjustment rating scale from 300 to 450
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80% chance of major health problem
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300 -150 social readjustment rating scale
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50% chance of meajor health problem
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Daily hassles scale
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measures irritating daily demands, predicts illness better than social readjustment rating scale, offset by uplifts (positive events against daily hassles
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Daily Hassles top ten (don't need to know all )
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concerns about weight, health of family member, rising process of common goods, home maintenance, too many things to do, misplacing or losing things, yard work property investments or taxes, crime, physical appearance
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Social conditions that promote stress
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property racism, crime, los SES tend to have highest levels of stress
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Cultural clashes lead to stress
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company owned by diff culture, refugees immigrants
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Perceived Control
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sense of control decreases stress, anxiety and depression
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ex perceived control rat
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not shocked…. two rats stressed- one has a switch another does not to turn on… the rat that doesn't have switch (the one that gets shocked without control has the most stress)
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Hopelessness- higher death -lack of control stress t/f
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True
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Optimism
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use external, unstable and specific explanations for negative events, predicts better health outcomes
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Optimism effect on health
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seem to have better health
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Pessimism
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use internal, stable and global explanations for negative events , predicts worse health outcomes
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pessimism affect on health
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worse health outcomes
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initial research People who's personalities are time urgent, general hostility, intense ambition and competitiveness
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initial research associated with heart disease
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initial research people who are more easy going
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not associated with heart disease
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High levels of hostility affect on health
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increase all chance of disease (even cancer)
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time urgency ad competitiveness affect on health
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NOT associated with disease
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Indirect effects of stress on health
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promote jeopardizing behaviors- smoke, drink, when stressed
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Physiological illnesses
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Physiological effects of psychological states
when stressed peoples emunion system reduced, hypertension and headaches |
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Social factors promoting health
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social support tangible resource ( meals, money, food)
emotional (concern/empathy/positive regard) -informational- suggestions , advice |
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Social support improves ability to cope with stress and benefits how
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stress feels less threatening, decrease intensity of physical reactions, reduce feelings of negative emotions
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Problem focused coping skill
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contronting, seeking social support, planful problem solving when you actually deal with a problem make a plan of action- deal with problem, sometimes you have to be able to deal with emotions
give yourself a reasonable amount of time to deal with it |
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emotion focused coping skill |
distancing, self-controlling, positive reappraisal, accepting responsibility, escape/avoidance (i wish situation would go away or be over with ) try to keep your feelings incheck, sometimes takes yourself out -work in emotions -alcohol and drug use -need to be able to do sometimes but also need to be able to mourn and breakdowns |
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Stress and gender males - cope |
tend to get angry and or avoid stressors (flight or fight pattern) |
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Stress and gender female - cope |
More likely to help others and to make use of their social support network |
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Exercise and stress |
Aerobic exercise- non competitive can reduce stress depression and anxiety- effect above relaxation treatment |
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social thinking our behavior is affected/made up by our inner attitudes as well as by ____ ___ _____ |
external social influences |
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Social Psychology
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scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
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Social Psychology topics include
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Attitudes, love, prejudice/ discrimination, helping and Hurting
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Our thoughts about others
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Attribution – an explanation for the cause of behaviors or events ex. road rage
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Our thoughts about others
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To determine the cause we first decide whether the behavior comes from an: Internal (dispositional) or external (situational)
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Define Internal (dispositional)/incontext to our thoughts about others
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cause, such as a personal characteristic characteristic of who you are, typically thought of as difficult to change
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Define external (situational) /incontext to our thoughts about others
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cause, such as situational demands, outside situation related to the environment |
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Social thinking
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how we explain someones behavior affects how we react to it
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Social thinking Fundamental Attribution error
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when you think about other peoples behavior have a tendency to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate impact of personal dispositional, error in judgement that typically occurs |
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Social thinking: more typically thought that self depends on situation (True or False) |
True |
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Social thinking whenever people are stereotyping tend to view with situational
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False when people are stereotyping tend to view dispositional
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social thinking our behavior is affected/made up by our inner attitudes as well as by ____ ___ _____
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external social influences
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Social thinking/foot in the door
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start with a small request, follow up with a large one, more likely **look up % complying with foot in door**
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Door in the face
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start with a large request follow up with 50 %complying with large request but if started with small request half -start big, they will agree to small (one u wanted in first place)
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Low-Ball
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make an attractive initial offer, after getting a commitment make the terms less good (% complying with large request higher when low balled then told truth initially)
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attributions best predictor of how people are acting
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look at how they acted in the past
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Cognitive Dissonance
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feeling of discomfort created from a discrepancy between an attitude and behavior or between two competing attitudes
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Cognitive Dissonance theory people are motivated to maintain consistency in their thoughts, feelings and actions, when inconsistencies or conflicts exists between thoughts, feelings and actions it can.... lead to
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strong tension and discomfort (cognitive dissonance) to reduce this tension or dissonance, we change our original attitude or behavior
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ex. Of cognitive dissonance We view our own group more
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favorable (fights over natural resources) easier on conscious.
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Stereotypes and ex.
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beliefs about attributes that are thought to be characteristic of members of particular groups ex. Sneetches with stars on their bellies are part of the “in crown”
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stereotype activation is automatic
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most have knowledge of stereotypes, but just bc ppl have knowledge of them doesnt mean they endorse them, they can still affect you
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Prejudice
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a negative attitude or affective response toward a certain group and its individual members
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Social sources of prejudice
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realistic conflict theory, social identity
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Realistic conflict theory
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direct competition between groups over valued resources (jobs, schools)
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Social Identity
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social categorization- divide world into ingroup (us) and out-group (them), ingroup bias view own group favorably
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Sources of Prejudice-Cognitive Sources
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Process info consistent with stereotype quicker, focus on info consistent with stereotype, use tacit inferences to make inconsistent information appear consistent, Illusory Correlation
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Illusory Correlation
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Overestimating rates of negative behavior in outgroups groups
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Social learning/reducing prejudice
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teach parents to socialize children to be tolerant
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increase intergroup contact reducing prejudice
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contact must involve cooperation and interdependence, norms favoring group equality must exist, focus on individual-based (v.s. Category) processing
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Extended Contact Hypothesis/reducing prejudic
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knowing that members of ingroup have formed friendships with out-group members may reduce prejudice. if theres instances where people are put together for longer they are able to put aside their beliefs
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Social Influence Conformity
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adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard … group pressure- when a group is doing something perceived pressure |
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Factors Influencing Conformity:
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Normative social influence, informational social influence, additional factors
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Factors Influencing conformity Normative social influence
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influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid dissaproval – Asch's line study
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Factors Influencing conformity/Informational Social influence
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influence resulting from ones willingness to accept others opinions about reality |
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Factors Influencing conformity additional factors
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people are unsure of a situation, peoplel are of low group status, ppl lack info, the behavior is public
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Obedience
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compliance of person is due to percieved authority of asker, request is perceived as a command, research started- after Neuron berg trials started world war 2 says soldiers were just following orders
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Stanley Milgram's study
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teacher and learner (learner always confederate), watch learner being strapped into chair – learner expresses concern over his “heart condition”... one of most famous studies,basic study procedure -no shocks actually given, not one person went to check if the people who were shocked were okay
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Follow up studies of stanly milgrams study
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things vary depending on what's going around in Context- if ordinary person or over the phone not many people did, if you chose level of shock many people wouldnt , dont do it anymore because of ethical reasons- people believed they had shocked people to unconscious- even when told they didnt actually did it realized they could have, people do comply with commands
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Social facilitation
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improved performance of tasks in presence of other,when you have a simple or a well learned task - when people are around you it often causes people to step up and perform very well, amount of food consumed during a meal, occurs with simple or well learned tasks |
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T/F social facilitation improves tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered
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False
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Social facilitation during dates amount of food male v.s. Female |
regardless if man liked date or not ate as much as they want women seemed to eat less when really liked a man
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social loafing
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tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individaully accountable ( to give less effort when in a group)
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What kind of social influence-when part of a group screaming individual did not yell as loud, lack of individual accountability
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social loafing |
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in order too make social loafing not happen a lot
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make individual accountable even tho part of a group
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Group Polarization
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enhancement of a groups prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group, groups with majorority views become very polar, individual beliefs different (less extreme) then when in a group – works on high prejudice groups |
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Altruism
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actions designed to help others with no obvious benefit to the helper
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Why does Altruism occur
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egoistic model, empathy-altruism model
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Egoistic model
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helping motivated by anticipated gain help because you want to reduce stress and increase reciprocity
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empathy-altruism model
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helping motivated by empathy (feel same as other people) if you feel what other people more likely to reduce distress- both helping
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Altruism why dont we help? 3
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diffusion of responsibility, ambiguous situation, led to bystander effect entrance spikes with murder in 60s - no one went to her aid or helped police - story isnt true- when she was attacked people did help
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Altruism diffusion of responsibility
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dilutin of diffusion of personal responsibilities, you yourslef dont feel responsible- kind of like social loafing- not individualy accountable- other people around that could help
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ambiguous situation
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unclear what help is needed
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bystander effect
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tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present more diffusion of responsibilty
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Altruism How to increase helping?
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assign responsibility (airplane exit), reduce ambiguity, increase social reward
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Aggression Causes are complex, what are factors (3)?
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Biological, frustration, social factors
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Biological Factors of aggression
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Testosterone- higher levels of in animals increase the aggressiveness (weak correlation) actually not necessarily true in Humans - very small correlation, Low cortisol associated with aggressive behavior- cortisol is a stress hormone- (kids raised in a lot of environmental stress- shut down emotion system) - by shutting down emotional system - permanent low levels of cortisol - emotion system has been comprimised- less empathetic less effected of the welfare of others- helping people without feeling guilty - Alcohol usage increases aggressive behavior - Genetic Factors- monozygotic twins (vertially identical copies ) dizigotic (2 different zygotes) -research here looks to corrilate identical and ferternal twins- correlation is amost double in monozygotic twins (not a perfect correlation) environment plays a role but does correlate.
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Frustration- Aggression
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occurs when the achievement of the goal is blocked-like alcohol frustration can lead to aggression - if you are uncomfortable increase in likelihood that you will be aggressive - not victim labeling - however not the fault of victim - ulitmatly act of aggresion is your decision and have no one to blame but yourself (people done cause you to be- they can lead to that thinking but you decide) |
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T/F Low cortisol associated with aggressive behavior
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True,kids raised in a lot of environmental stress- shut down emotion system) - by shutting down emotional system - permanent low levels of cortisol - emotion system has been comprimised- less empathetic less effected of the welfare of others- hurting people without feeling guilty - Alcohol usage increases aggressive behavior
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Genetic Factors of aggression
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monozygotic twins (vertially identical copies ) dizigotic (2 different zygotes) -research here looks to correlate identical and ferternal twins- correlation is almost double in monozygotic twins (not a perfect correlation) environment plays a role but does correlate.
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Major social influences of aggression
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parenting (spanking), peers, violent media and personality
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Violent media- accounts for ___% of aggressive behavior
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10
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Attitudes towards aggression changed by violent media
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shifting of moods and assessments not immediate behavior changes
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T/F there are positive correlation between watching violent media and...
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the stated willingness to use violence, the stated effectiveness of violence
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Responses to hypothetical scenarios (aggression media violence)
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youth provide aggressive responses to hypothetical situations after viewing violent media- chickken or egg (most likely cyclical)
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Fantasizing about Aggression
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more likely to have aggressive fantasies if media
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Identification with the Agressor
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not just watching violence but identifying with the aggressor, wish to be like the agressor
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T/F identification in childhood is associated with aggression in adulthood
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true
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Mean world syndrome
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children who watch more media think the world is more hostile
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Anger MV aggression related emotions
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increased feeling of hostility followoing exposure to violent media (hockey and bullfights) -contradicted some notions of carthesis- if you watched aggression or vented it would reduce the tension
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Fear- can increase after traditional screen violence exposure, for adolescents violence on the news or around can be more affecting, developmental issues T/F
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True
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Developmental issues from fear of screen violence
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children frightened by fantasy violence, realistic violence, adolescents primarily frightened by realistic violence
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Changes related to Media violence exposure
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increases in heart rate, blood pressure, and skin conductance |
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Physiological Arousal Related to Aggression:
|
changes related to media violence exposure- increases in heart ect. - kills get increasingly more elaborate or doesn’t have the same effect… to keep you interested, initial physiological effects goes down as gets used to the aggressive behavior on the television
|
|
|
Aggressive Behavior linked with media violence:
|
object oriented aggression, person oriented aggression, verbal, physical, rational
|
|
|
Aggressive behavior linked with media could some of this be rough and tumble play?
|
Yes violent media exposure than go to play ground and watch what they do -rough and tumble play- both parties together, both need to be enjoyable, happy afterword if someone gets hurt an apology takes place power ranger study
|
|
|
Powerranger study
|
imitating what they saw but in a playful matter, imitation
|
|
|
Imitation of Aggression
|
increase in R &T play after watching pro wrestling, in hallways, children likely to imitate and learn from models to which they are attracted- especially if the viewed action is fun to watch
|
|
|
Two Additional Effects of violent media:
|
appetite effect , Forbidden Fruit Effect
|
|
|
appetite effect violent media
|
in youth more of an assumed efffect than a proven one
|
|
|
forbidden fruit effect violent media
|
wants what cant have, drawn to media deemed inappropriate for them, findings shown for older children and adolescents
|
|
|
Social Learning theory
|
agression learned by: observational and modeling, reinforcment, physical punisments, threats and humiliation
|
|
|
Risk Factor Model of Aggression – aggression is a result of accumulation of risk factors
|
peers, personality, parents, biological, neighborhood, mental illness, more risk factors you have more likely act aggressive
|
|
|
Social Relations – Attraction |
proximity, similarity, familiarity |
|
|
similarity
|
friends share common attitudes beliefs interests, friends and spouses have more genes in common than non-friends, problems can occur after honey moon stage if not much similar to eachother |
|
|
Familiarity
|
mere exposure effect- repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them,being around something- near you, like friends not just because they are simmilar but are familiar with being around
|
|
|
Social Relations physical attractivness
|
youthfulness may be associated with health and fertility, choose mate similar to self in attraction-
|
|
|
when you see differences in physical attractivness
|
have compensating assets |
|
|
T/F symmetrical faces shown as more attractive
|
True if you show an infant a picture of a symmetrical face and an asymmetrical face it will pick symmetry |
|
|
what does symmetry mean in attractiveness
|
averaged all lips- more and more attractive when more and more averaged |
|
|
beyond symmetry and beyond averages
|
feminised features- bring average and feminise - narrow nose and jaw and fuller lips - limits to how much you can go
|
|
|
different culture in bodies attraction
|
true
|
|
|
T/F in terms of facial features are universal charactersitics of attraction
|
true
|
|
|
T/F Men and women prefer in general prefer feminine feature in men.
|
true
|
|
|
T/F when women are ovulating prefer- extreme masculine
|
true
|
|
|
T/F when women aren't ovulating prefers feminised version
|
true
|
|
|
interest in romantic relationship dramatically during ___
|
adolescence |
|
|
Attractiveness world wide for men and women (what characteristics attracted to)
|
as women gain more power and money- there is a shifting of these preferences - women attracted to wealth and status - men attracted to young and fertile
|
|
|
long term sexual strategy male
|
seek committed relationship with sexual access
|
|
|
SEXUAL STRATEGIES and evolutionary theory FEMALE |
have few offspring with major investment women much greater in baby- strategy use short term liasions to assess and attract males, find a good mate- and prefer older males who has caretaker or resources (can explain why affairs occur- or are attractive- but still a cognitive thought) |
|
|
T/F very controversial of if pheromones actually exist in terms of attractiveness
|
true
|
|
|
we are attracted to someone more based on hormonal state t/f
|
in terms of how it works in humans not exactly clear
|
|
|
Phermones induced responses
|
may be mediated primarily by the vomeranonasal organ (VNO)
|
|
|
T/F studies show people are susceptible to pheromones
|
true |
|
|
Social relation usually happens immediately- exciting state- sexual desire to be with the person
|
romantic passionate love
|
|
|
ignore persons flaws or irritating behaviors in
|
romantic passionate love
|
|
|
this social love relation associated with neurotransmitter PEA
|
romantic passionate love
|
|
|
usually take 3 or 4 years before it loses some of the intensity
|
one of reason people have affairs- as passionate part of relationship disappears- and dissipate- all relationships will fade over time
|
|
|
as romantic passionate love wains another tupe of love arrises
|
Companionate love
|
|
|
Companionate Love
|
deep affection, attachment, where people have been together for a while
|
|
|
this love increases over time
|
companionate love
|
|
|
in this love the emotional intense not as much
|
companionate love
|
|
|
this love associated with oxytocin- bonding
|
companionate love
|
|
|
other times other than companionate love that oxytocin is released
|
breast feeding, chocolate and orgasm |
|
|
Attractiveness world wide for men and women (what characteristics attracted to) |
as women gain more power and money- there is a shifting of these preferences - women attracted to wealth and status - men attracted to young and fertile
|
|
|
Short term sexual strategy male
|
seek young fertile female |
|
|
long term sexual strategy male |
seek committed relationship with sexual access
|
|
|
T/F very controversial of if pheromones actually exist in terms of attractiveness
|
true
|
|
|
we are attracted to someone more based on hormonal state t/f
|
in terms of how it works in humans not exactly clear
|
|
|
T/F studies show people are susceptible to pheromones
|
true
|
|
|
passionate (Romantic) love
|
an aroused state of intence positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship, associatedwith neurotransmitter PEA
|
|
|
Social relation usually happens immediately- exciting state- sexual desire to be with the person
|
romantic passionate love |
|
|
ignore persons flaws or irritating behaviors in
|
romantic passionate love
|
|
|
this social love relation associated with neurotransmitter PEA
|
romantic passionate love
|
|
|
usually take 3 or 4 years before it loses some of the intensity
|
one of reason people have affairs- as passionate part of relationship disappears- and dissipate- all relationships will fade over time
|
|
|
as romantic passionate love wains another tupe of love arrises
|
Companionate love
|
|
|
Companionate Love
|
deep affection, attachment, where people have been together for a while
|
|
|
this love increases over time
|
companionate love
|
|
|
in this love the emotional intense not as much
|
companionate love
|
|
|
this love associated with oxytocin- bonding
|
companionate love
|
|
|
other times other than companionate love that oxytocin is released
|
breast feeding, chocolate and orgasm
|
|
|
T/Fwhen passionate love goes down the differences and what bothers you matter more- increase in irritation in things that never use to bother you before
|
True |
|
|
Attractiveness world wide for men and women (what characteristics attracted to)
|
as women gain more power and money- there is a shifting of these preferences - women attracted to wealth and status - men attracted to young and fertile
|
|
|
SEXUAL STRATEGIES and evolutionary theory MALE
|
can have large number of offspring with many females, have 2 different strategies - how evolution would explain- short (seek young fertile female ) and long term (seek commited relationship with sexual access)
|
|
|
Short term sexual strategy male
|
seek young fertile female
|
|
|
long term sexual strategy male
|
seek committed relationship with sexual access
|
|
|
T/F very controversial of if pheromones actually exist in terms of attractiveness
|
true
|
|
|
we are attracted to someone more based on hormonal state t/f
|
in terms of how it works in humans not exactly clear
|
|
|
T/F studies show people are susceptible to pheromones
|
true
|
|
|
social Relations
|
passionate (Romantic) love, companionate love
|
|
|
passionate (Romantic) love
|
an aroused state of intence positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship, associatedwith neurotransmitter PEA
|
|
|
Social relation usually happens immediately- exciting state- sexual desire to be with the person
|
romantic passionate love
|
|
|
ignore persons flaws or irritating behaviors in
|
romantic passionate love
|
|
|
this social love relation associated with neurotransmitter PEA
|
romantic passionate love
|
|
|
usually take 3 or 4 years before it loses some of the intensity
|
one of reason people have affairs- as passionate part of relationship disappears- and dissipate- all relationships will fade over time
|
|
|
as romantic passionate love wains another tupe of love arrises
|
Companionate love
|
|
|
Companionate Love
|
deep affection, attachment, where people have been together for a while
|
|
|
this love increases over time
|
companionate love
|
|
|
in this love the emotional intense not as much
|
companionate love
|
|
|
this love associated with oxytocin- bonding
|
companionate love
|
|
|
other times other than companionate love that oxytocin is released
|
breast feeding, chocolate and orgasm
|
|
|
T/F when passionate love goes down the differences and what bothers you matter more- increase in irritation in things that never use to bother you before |
True |
|
|
T/Fwhen passionate love goes down the differences and what bothers you matter more- increase in irritation in things that never use to bother you before |
True |
|
|
Personality
|
an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting
|
|
|
perspectives of personality
|
psychoanalytic, trait
|
|
|
Psychoanalytic perspective and methods used
|
may interpret how and what you say, may tell what didn't say, could say that landscapes mean different things found by free association, dream interpretation,
|
|
|
Psychoanalytic perspective Freud's theory
|
proposes that childhood sexuality and un uncomfortable unwanted desire- placed in subconscious -
|
|
|
Psychoanalytic perspective Hysteria
|
physical problems without physical basis
|
|
|
Psychoanalysis, and who was dissatisfied with this theory
|
technique of treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions , Freud was dissatisfied with hypnosis
|
|
|
Psychoanalysis techniques used
|
free association, dream interpretation
|
|
|
Psychoanalytic perspective Free Association
|
method of exploring the unconscious, person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind no matter how trivial or embarrassing, unacceptable impulses come through in disguised forms subconscious sneaky and info leaks through disguised (theory)
|
|
|
Psychoanalytic perspective Dream Interpretation
|
unaccaptable impulses and desires come through in disguised or altered forms ( dream symbols)
|
|
|
Psychoanalytic approach Conscious
|
all things we are aware of at any given moment- information in your immediate awareness
|
|
|
Psychoanalytic approach preconscious
|
everything that can, with a little effort be brought into consciousness – information which can easily be made conscious
|
|
|
Psychoanalytic approach unconscious
|
inaccessible warehouse of anxiety producing thoughts and drives - thoughts feelings, urges, and other information that is difficult to bring to conscious awareness |
|
|
Personality Structure Id
|
A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification- irrational, illogical, impulsive dimension of personality .
|
|
|
Personality Structure Superego
|
preconscious -the part of personality that presents internalized ideals, provides moralistic standards for judgement and for future aspirations- moralistic, judgemental, perfectionist dimension of personality
|
|
|
Personality structure ego
|
the largely conscious “executive” part of personality, mediates among the demands of the id, superego and ego, operates on the reality principle satisfying the Id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain (conscious) – rational planful, mediating dimension of personality
|
|
|
Psychosexual stages
|
freud's five stages of personality development, each associated with a particular erogenous zone
|
|
|
Fixation
|
an attempt to achieve pleasure as an adult in ways that are equivelent to how it achieved in earlier stages
|
|
|
fixation in anal stage can become either ___ or ___ in adulthood
|
Anal retentive-compulsive, orderly, cleanliness, harsh potty training, Anal Expulsive messy, careless, informal, lax potty training
|
|
|
Oedipus complex
|
sexual desires for mom, hatred of dad, fear of castration
|
|
|
Electra Complex
|
(girls) sexual desire for dad, anger at mom
|
|
|
Fixation in phallic stage can lead to
|
excessive masculinity in males, need for attention or domination in felmales |
|
|
Rationalization and example
|
supplying a logical rational, socially acceptable reason rather than the real reason for an action, eg. student blames her cheating on professor for leaving during a test
|
|
|
Sublimation and ex.
|
rechanneling sexual or aggressive energy into pursuits that society considers acceptable or admirable, eg. A hostile person becomes a dentist-
|
|
|
artistic sublimation as well
|
painting or drawing of someone hurting someone else
|
|
|
defense mechanisms (2)
|
reaction formation, displacement
|
|
|
Reaction formation
|
a defense mechanism, denying an unacceptable impulse, often sexual or aggressive, by giving strong conscious expression to its opposite
|
|
|
Reaction formation eg.
|
same-sex sexual urges turn into anti-gay statements
|
|
|
Displacement
|
defense mechanism, substituting a less threatening object for the original object of an impulse
|
|
|
displacement eg.
|
pick a fight with your significant other after being criticized by your boss
|
|
|
Repression
|
defense mechanism involuntarily removing an unpleasant memory or barring disturbing sexual and aggressive impulses from consciousness
|
|
|
Eg. of repression
|
forgetting a term paper is due
|
|
|
projection
|
defense mechanism, attributing one's own undesirable thoughts, impulses, traits, or behaviors to others
|
|
|
projection eg.
|
vain person believes others to be too self focused
|
|
|
Denial
|
defense mechanism, refusing to acknowledge the existence of danger or a threatening condition
|
|
|
denial eg.
|
refusing to believe that a childs terminal illness is terminal
|
|
|
Regression
|
reverting to a behavior characteristic of an earlier stage of development |
|
|
Problems with Freud
|
too general, explains everything after the fact, predicts nothing before hand- key portions are contrary to recent data, relies on existene of hypotheticals, such as id, ego and superego
|
|
|
Is there any evidence for castration anxiety during the latency period?
|
No
|
|
|
Trait
|
a characteristic pattern of behavior, a disposition to feel and act
|
|
|
trait perspective Hans and Sybil Eysenck choleric
|
unstable and extraverted-touchy, restless, aggressive, excitable, changeable, impulsive, optimistic, active
|
|
|
trait perspective Hans and Sybil Eysenck sanguine
|
stable and extraverted- socialable, outgoin, talkative, responsive, easygoing, lively, carefree, leadership
|
|
|
trait perspective Hans and Sybil Eysenck phlegmatic
|
stable and introverted, passive, careful, thoughtful, peacful, controlled reliable, even tempered calm
|
|
|
trait perspective Hans and Sybil Eysenck melancholic
|
moody, anxious, rigid, sober, pessimistic, reserved, unsociable, quiet
|
|
|
The big 5 factor theory
|
helpful in predicting general trends in behavior, too general to predict behavior in a specific situation.
|
|
|
Evaluating the trait perspective, are situational influences on behavior important to consider?
|
yes
|
|
|
people can fake desirable responses on self-report measures of personality T/F
|
True
|
|
|
People do have distinct personality traits T/F
|
True
|
|
|
Phrenology
|
measuring cranial surface thus gives indirect clues to personalitys
|
|
|
Assesing personality main thesis
|
the mind is modular, personal characteristics varies according to the persons individual module characteristics
|
|
|
T/F brain module strength or performance is correlated with size according to main thesis assesing personality
|
true
|
|
|
What is the most widely researched of all personality tests
|
Minnesota multiphasic personality Inventory (MMPI)
|
|
|
Projective test
|
a personality test, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of ones inner dynamics
|
|
|
Thematic Apperception Test TAT
|
Ambiguous pictures, individuals tell story based on pictures
|
|
|
Projective tests, Rorschach Inkblot test
|
set of 10 inkblots designed, seeks to identify inner feelin by analyizing their interpretations of blots
|
|
|
Graphology
|
study of handwriting to analyze personality
|
|
|
upward slant in handwriting means
|
ambitious and optimistic
|
|
|
downward slant in handwriting means
|
moody, easily discouraged
|
|
|
angle of writing, forward means
|
generous sensitive nature
|
|
|
angle of writing backward means
|
supressed, fear of facing the world
|
|
|
connected letters in writing means
|
positive, firm decision making
|
|
|
disconnected letters in writing means
|
a dreamer, has a love for nature
|
|
|
Size of writing small means
|
close attention to detail goes to the top of professional field
|
|
|
Large writing means
|
active, big hearted
|
|
|
Letter size same In writing means
|
estremely percise follows instructions
|
|
|
irregular size in letters
|
takes most convenient cource, irresponsible
|
|
|
Real world application of writing assessment
|
pre employment screening, relationship
|
|
|
Bad personality tests
|
popular magizine tests, relied on Bamum effect |
|
|
Bamum effect
|
tendency to accept as a valid description of your unique personalitythat are generally true of everyone |
|
|
Psychopathology
|
problematic patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior, disrupted functioning at home work social, patterns that cause distress
|
|
|
Bio-psycho-social perspective of psychopathology
|
biological (evolution, genes, brain structures and chemistry), psychological (stress, trauma, helplessness learned, mood related perceptions, memories) socialcultural (roles, expectations, definition of normality and disorder)
|
|
|
diathesis- stress model
|
diathesis: vulnerability to psychological disorders and enviornmental stressors lead to psychological disorders
|
|
|
Diathesis:vulnerability to psychological disorders
|
genetic inherence, biological processes, such as brain abnormalties or neurotransmitter problems, early learning experiences
|
|
|
environmental stressors
|
noxious physical stressors, relationship/job problems, trauma, abuse, neglect
|
|
|
Diagnosing Psychopathology
|
diagnosis requires meeting specific criteria in the diagnostic and statistical manuel
|
|
|
what is the current addition of the DSM, diagnostic and statistical manuel?
|
5
|
|
|
the DSM 4 used a multi axial system of diagnoses 5 ___?
|
does not
|
|
|
Intern's syndrome
|
people studying illnesses often start thinking they have those illnesses
|
|
|
Axes of DSM IV description
|
symptoms that cause distress, personality disorders and mental retardation, medical conditions that may be relevent to understanding and treating disorder, psychosocial and enviro problems, global assessment of functioning personality disorders hard to discern from clinical syndromes (now grouped with)
|
|
|
DSM- 5 removed Axis V but most of same type of info is still collected however ____ is not
|
global assessment functioning- how able are they to work
|
|
|
Nearly ___% of college aged adults meet the criteria for a psychological disorder. What are the most comon disorders related to
|
50 % , substance disorders
|
|
|
Types of anxiety disorders
|
GAD, phobia, social anxiety, panic attacks
|
|
|
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
|
more or less constant worrying about many issues, the worry seriously interferes with functioning
|
|
|
physical symptoms of Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
|
headaches stomaches, muscle tension, irritability |
|
|
Phobia anxiety disorder
|
Intense, irrational fear, it is not phobic to simply be anxious , specific phobias of specific object or situation, animals, substance, situation, eg. Coultrophobia – fear of clowns |
|
|
social anxiety disorder
|
fear of failing, or being embarrassed in public, the persons focus is on how others perceiving him/her, ex. Public speaking (stage fright ), fear of crowds, strangers, eating in public
|
|
|
panic attacks
|
helpless terror, high physiological arousal, very frightening, sufferers live in fear of having them
|
|
|
Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (OCD) what are obsessions, compulsions
|
obsessions, irrational distrubing thoughts that intrude consciousness/ compulsions repetitive actions performed to alleviate obsessions, checking and washing most common compulsions sometimes no logic (bare feet v.s bare hands)
|
|
|
what are the most common compusions in OCD?
|
Checking and washing
|
|
|
Common obsessions with OCD
|
dirt, germs toxins, something terrible will happen, symmetry disorder or exactness
|
|
|
____ % of soldiers fighting in Iraq may be affected
|
35%
|
|
|
T/F 68,000 claims of ptsd as of 2009
|
True
|
|
|
Bipolar disorder what was formely called?
|
manic depressive disorder – no longer mood disorder
|
|
|
Bipolar disorder
|
alterations between depression and mania, gloomy withdrawn inability to make decisions, tired, slowness of thought to elation, euphoria, desire for action, hyperactive, multiple ideas
|
|
|
during the manic phase many great writers, poets composers suffering from bipolar disorder, their creativity surged, during the depression stage __
|
none
|
|
|
mood disorders
|
major depression, chronic depressive disorder, seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
|
|
|
Major depression symptoms
|
sadness feelings of worthlessness, changes in sleep, suicidal behavior, suicidal ideation, both nonspecific thought of death and speciic involving the intent to die, accompanied by a plan of action
|
|
|
can you have both chronic depressive disorder and major depression at the same time?
|
yes
|
|
|
are men or women more diagnosed with depression ?
|
Women
|
|
|
somatic symptom disorders
|
real physical symptoms with no biological cause
|
|
|
somatic symptom disorder funcional neurological disorder
|
physical symptoms, with no pysical explanaion, loss of sensitivity, can occur in large groups at same time
|
|
|
Mass psychogenic illness
|
many ppl get somatic symtom disorder at same time
|
|
|
Somatization disorder
|
repeated, varying symptoms no physical cause, often many years duration
|
|
|
illness anxiety disoreder
|
preocuppation that one has a serious undiagnosed disease
|
|
|
Dissociative disorders
|
psychogenic amnesia, depersonalization disorder, dissociative identity disorder
|
|
|
Psychogenic amnesia
|
total or partial loss of info about self, usually triggered by traumatic experience
|
|
|
Depersonalization disorder
|
feelings of unreality, mind leaves body, limb goes numb and doesnt feel like it belongs to you
|
|
|
Dissociative identity disorder
|
formely called multiple personality disorder, multiple personalities, usually many rather than 2 or 3,
|
|
|
DID controversy
|
not really distinct personalities |
|
|
Schizophrenia comes from Greek meaning ____ ____.
|
split mind , split refers to loss of touch with reality not split personalities
|
|
|
Schizophrenia groupe of severe psychotic disorders characterized by:
|
disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, disorganized speech, inappropriate emotions and actions
|
|
|
Schizophrenia symptom of disorganized thinking :
|
delusions of persecution, theyre out to get me, paranoia, delusions of grandeur- think self as extremely important eg. View self as god, delusions of being controlled, the cia is controlling my brain with a radio signal
|
|
|
schizophrenia symptom of disturbed perception
|
hallucinations, hearing or seeing thing that arent there, contributes to delusions, command hallucinations: voices giving orders
|
|
|
symptoms of schizophrenia disorganized speech
|
overinclusion-jumping from idea to idea without benefit of logical association, paralogic- on surface seems logical, but seriously flawed- jesus was a man with a beard, I am a man with a beard therefor I am jesus
|
|
|
symptoms of schizophrenia innappropriate behavior and affect
|
behavior is inappropriate for the situation (wearing sweater on hot day), affect is inappropriatly expressed- flat affect-no emotion, inappropriate affect, laughing at very serious things-
|
|
|
catonic behavior symptom of schizophrenia
|
unresponsiveness to environment, usually marked by immobility for extended periods
|
|
|
disorders beginning in childhood
|
must be familiar with normal development (remember that is normal for one age may be problem for another)
|
|
|
Developmental psychopathology
|
is devoted to studying origins and course of individual maladaption in the context of normal growth processes
|
|
|
Anxiety disorders of childhood and adolescence
|
seperation anxiety disorder , excessive anziety regarding seperartion from home or ppl to whom individual has a strong emoional attachment
|
|
|
Austism Spectrum disorders
|
presence of markedly abnormal or impaired developmen in social interaction and communication, markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interests
|
|
|
austism is in ___% of births
|
.05%
|
|
|
Aspergers disorder diagnosis no longer exist T/F
|
true often referred to as autistic spectrum disorder, similar to autism – appears later in development, lacks severe delay in language development and social interactions
|
|
|
attention defficit/hyperactivity disorder
|
combined type, inattentive and hyperactive – impuslive,
|
|
|
adhd occurs in __% - __% of 6 -12 year olds and when are symptoms present
|
4% to 12 % , symptoms present around age 3 or 4
|
|
|
personality disorders
|
disorders charactrized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impari social functioning,
|
|
|
T/F personality disorders are usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions
|
true
|
|
|
Nearly ___% of college aged adults have one
|
20%
|
|
|
forensic psychology or forensic psychiatry involves
|
intersection of mental health issues and legal issues
|
|
|
Insanity defence |
accused must have been laboring under such a defect of reason as to not know, the nature and quality of act or that it was wrong very controversial- my client did it but they didn't know it was wrong, it was something they couldn't control. not a common defense because admitting guilt.. majority are sent to hospitals- not many set free- concern of degree of deception |
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some states adopted the plea of guilty but mentally ill, defendant can be sentenced but placed in a treatment facility, remain in custody for full sentence t/f
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true |
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corticosteroid |
stress hormone that activates the body and prepares us to respond to stressful situaiton
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Primary appraisal |
initial decision regarding whether an event is harmful
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secondary appraisal |
perceptins regarding our ability to cope with an event that follows primary appraisal |
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problem-focused coping |
coping strategy by which we problem solve and tackle lives problems head on |
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Hassle |
minor annoyance or nuisance that strains our ability to cope |
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hans selye |
proposed General Adaptation syndrome alarm resistance exhaustion |
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Acquired immune deficiency syndrome |
a life threatening, incurable, and yet treatable condition in which the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks and damages the immune system |
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Psychoneuroimmunology |
study of the relationship between the immune system and central nervous system |
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inoculation
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approah to convincing people to change their minds about something by first introducing reasons why it could be correct then debunking them
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pluralistic ignorance
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error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do (no plural ppl ignorant)
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enlightenment effect
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learning about psychological research can change real-world behavior for the better
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relational aggression
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form of indirect aggression prevalent in girls involvingg spredin rumors, gossiping and using nonverbal putdowns or purpose of social manipulation
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cognitive dissonance
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unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from 2 conflicting thoughts or beliefs
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self perception theory
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theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors
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impression management theory
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theory that we don't really change our attitudes, but report that we have so that our behaviors appear consistent with our attitudes
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low ball technique
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persuasive technique in which the seller of a product starts by quoting a low sales price and then mentions all of the add on costs after agree
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but you are free technique
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persuasive technique in which we convince someone to perform a favor for us by telling them that they are free not to do it
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prejudice
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the drawing of negative conclusions about a person, group of people or situation prior to evaluating the evidence
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ultimate attribution error
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assumption that behaviors among individual members of a group are due to their internal dispositions
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ingroup bias
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tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group
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out group homogeneity
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tendency to view all individuals outside our group as highly similar
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jigsaw classroom
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educational approach designed to minimize prejudice by requiring all children o make independent contributions to a shared project
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nomothetic approach
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approach to personality that focuses on identifying vernal laws that govern the behavior of all individuals
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idiographic approch
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approach to personality that focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experience within a person
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psychic determinism
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the assumption that all psychological events have cause
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reality principle
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tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet |
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inferiority complex
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feeling of low self-esteem that can lead to overcompensation for such feelings
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collective unconscious
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according to Jung our shared store house of memories that ancestors have passed down to us across generations
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archetype
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cross culturally universal symbols
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reciprocal determinism
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tendency for people to mutually influence each others behavior
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locus of control
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extent to which people believe that reinforcers and punishers lie inside or outside of their control
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self actualization
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drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent
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inconcruence
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inconsistency between our personalities and innate dispositions
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peak experience
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transcendent moment of intense excitement and tranquility marked by a profound sensee of conecition to to connection to the world
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lexical approach
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approach proposing that the most crucial features of personality are embedded in our language
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face validity
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extent to which respondents can tell what the item s are measuring
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empirical method of test construction
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approach to building tests in which researchers begin with 2 or more criterion groups and examine which items best distinguish them
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rational.theoretical method of test construction
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approach to building tests that requires test developers to begin with a clear cut conceptualization of a trait and then write items to assess that conceptualization
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incremental validity
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extent to which a test contributes information beyond other more easily collected measures
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erogeneous
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part of the body sensitive to sexual stimulation |
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Thematic appercption Test (TAT)
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projective test requires examinees to tell a story in response to ambiguous picture
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P.T Barnum effect
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tendency of ppl to accept descriptions that apply to almost everyone as applying specifically to them
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demonic model
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view of mental illness in which behaving oddly, hearing voices or talking to oneself was attributed to evil spirits infesting the body
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medical model
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view of mental illness as due to physical disorder requiring mental treatment
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deinsituutionalization
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1960's and 70's gov policy that focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into community and closing hospitals
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comorbidity
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co occurrence of 2 or more diagnoses in the same person
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categorical model
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model in which a mental disorder differ from normal functioning in kind rather than degree
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dimensional model
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model in which mental disorder differs from normal functioning in degree rather than kind
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agoraphobia
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fear of being in a plea or situation from which escape is difficult or embarrassing
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cognitive model of depression
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theory that depression s caused by negative beliefs and expectations
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psychopathic personality
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condition marked by superficial charm, dishonesty, manipulativeness and self centerdness
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catatonic symptonm
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motor problem, including holding body in bizarre or rigid posture, ruling up in a fetal position, and resisting simple suggestions to move
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humanistic therapies
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therapies that emphasize the development of human potential and the believe that human nature is basically positive
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free association
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client expresses self with no censorship
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resistance
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acoid confrontation and anxiety associated with uncovering previously repressed thoughts
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transference
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act of projecting intense, unrealistic feelings and expectations from the past onto the therapist
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interpersonal therapy
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treatment that stregthens social skills and targets interpersonal problems
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gestalt therapy
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therapy that aims to integrate different and sometimes opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self
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response prevention
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technique that prevent clients from performing typical avoidance patterns
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participant modelign
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technique in which therapist first models a problematic situation and then guides the client through steps to cope unassisted
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psychopharmacotherapy
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use of medications to treat psychological problems |
