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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Perception
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a. The collection of processes used to arrive at a meaningful interpretation of senses
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Sensation
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Such as a pattern of light and dark, a bitter taste, or a change in temperature, are the fundamental and elementary components of an experience
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Wavelength of reflect light importance
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a. Wavelength of reflected light is important because it helps us perceive the physical properties of the object and then enters eyes. It is here where transduction
i. The process by which external messages are translated into the internal language of the brain |
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How is Brightness perceived?
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Changes in intensity are generally experienced as increase or decrease in brightness. If intensity of light increases, so does it perceived brightness
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Intensity
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Amplitude, which is determined by the amount of light falling on an object
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The Path of light wave as it enters the eye
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Light enters the eye through the cornea, pupil and lens. As the lens changes shape in relation to the distance of the object, the reflected light is focused back at the eye where, in the retina, the visual image is translated
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Path of light
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Cornea, Lens, Pupil, Iris, Retina
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Cornea
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the transparent and protective outer covering of the eye
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Lens
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the flexible piece of tissue that helps focus light toward the back of the eye
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Fovea
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the "central pit" area in the retina where the cone receptors are located
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Optic Nerve
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The collection of nerve fibers that take the visual signals through the retina en route to the deeper processing stations of the brain
Consists of roughly 1 million axons that wrap together to form a kind of visual transmission cable |
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Rods
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Receptor cells.
Trandsduce light energy into neural messages; highly sensitive and are active in dim light. 120 million per retina; long and thin; concentrated in the periphery of the retina. Sensitive at low levels of allumination; not sensitive to visual detail |
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Cones
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receptor cells.
They operate best when light levels are high, and are the primary reason we sense color. 6 million per retina; short, thick and tapered to a point; not very sensitive at low levels of illumination; high levels of sensitivity to detail, high visual acuity |
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Visual Acuity
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the ability to process fine detail in vision
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Ganglion Cells
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Further processes information sent from bipolar cells.
Has a receptive field, which means it recieves input from a group of receptor cells and responds only when a particular pattern of light shines across the retina |
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Bipolar Cells
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Feed information from the receptors to ganglion cells
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What happens during dark adaptation
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The process through which the eyes adjust to dim light (20-25 min)
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Feature Detectors
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Cells in the visual cortext that increase the firing rates to specific bars of light presented at particular orientations
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Hubel and Wiesel
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They discovered feature detectors in the brains of monkeys and cats.
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Prosopagnosia
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The failure to recognize faces
One can fail to recognize faces of family members, friends, and even their own reflections in the mirror |
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Opponent-process theory
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Proposed by Ewald Hering
the theory of color vision proposing that cells in the visual pathway increase their activation levels to another color, for example, increasing to red and decreasing to green |
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Ewald Hering
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Proposed 6 colors: blue which is linked to yellow, green which is linked to red, and white which is linked to black
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Trichromatic Theory
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theory of color vision proposing that color information is extracted by comparing relative activations of three different types of cone receptors
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Thomas Young and Hermann von Hemlholtz
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Proposed the trichromatic theory---all colors can be made by mixing of three primary colors
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Gestalt Laws
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The organizing principles of perception proposed by the gestalt psychologists.
These principles include the laws of proximity, similarity, closure, continuation, and common fate |
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Law of proximity
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If the elements of display are close to each other, that is lie in close spatial proximity, they tend to be grouped together
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Law of similarity
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Items share physical properties, that physically resemble each other, are placed in the same set
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Law of Closure
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Even if there is a small gap in an object of a piece is missing, people still tend to perceive the object as whole
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Law of good Continuation
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If something crosses or interrupts another object, people tend to still see continuously flowing lines
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Bottom up processing
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Processing that is controlled by the physical message delivered to the senses
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Top down processing
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processing that is controlled by one's beliefs and expectations about how the world is organized
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Convergence
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A binocular cue for depth that is based on the extent to which the two eyes move inward, or converge, when looking at an object
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Linear Perspective
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Parallel lines that recede into the distance appear to converge on a single point
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Binocular disparity
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the differences between the locations of the images in the two eyes; the amount of disparity changes with distance from the point of fixation
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Phi phenomenon
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an allusion of movement that occurs when stationary lights are flashed in succession
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Causes of optical illusions
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1. Depth cues can lead to perceptual errors
2. Inappropriate interpretations of physical reality, perceptual illusions often occur as a result of the brains using otherwise adaptive organizing principles |
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Muller-Lyer Illusion
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1. Two lines produce the same retinal image, but your visual system assumes that the interior corner is likely to be farther away, and consequently must be larger in size
2. This particular illusion may be influenced by experiences with the interior and exterior corners of buildings |
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Frequency of a sound wave
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Determines the pitch, which corresponds roughly to how high or low a tone sounds
The number of times the pressure wave moves from peak to peak |
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What does amplitude determine
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A. Has to do with the intensity of sound
B. Changes in intensity are experienced as changes in loudness. as the intensity level increases, it generally seems louder to the ear |
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Place Theory
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The idea that the location of auditory receptor cells activiated by movement of the basilar membrane underlies the perception of pitch
Helps explain certain kinds of hearing loss |
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Basilar Membrane
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Flexible membrane running through the cochlea that, through its movement, displaces the auditory receptor cells, or hair cells
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Endorphins
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Neurotransmitters that can be produced through pain, excitement, exercising, or orgasm
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Gate theory of Pain
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The idea that neural impulses generated by pain receptors can be blocked, or gated, in the spinal cord by signals produced in the brain
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Pain
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An adaptive response by the body to any stimulus that is intense enough to cause tissue damage
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Warm Fibers
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neurons that respond vigorously when the temperature of the skin increases
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Cold Fibers
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neurons that responds to a cooling of the skin by increasing the production of neural impulses
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Flow of sound entering the ear
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Sound first enters the PINNA which funnels down the auditory canal toward the eardrum, which responds to incoming sound waves by vibrating. The sound is then vibrated, which changes for different sound frequencies to three small bones in the middle ear. then it travels down to the inner ear and processed by the cochlea
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Middle ear
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the portion between the eardrunk and the cochela containing thre small bones that help to intensify and prepare the sound vibrations for passage into the inner ear
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Cochlea
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where sound is translated into nerve impulses
basilar membrane runs throughout the cochlea shell |
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Tympanic membrane
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eardrum
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Pinna
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external flap of tissue normally referred to as the ear; it helps capture sound
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Bones of the Middle Ear
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The malleus, incus and stapes
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attention
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The internal processes used to set priorities for mental functioning
The brain uses attention to focus selectively on certain parts of the environment while ignoring others |
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Cocktail party effect
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the ability to focus on one auditory message and ignore others; also refers to the tendency to notice when your name suddenly apears in a message that you've been actively ignoring
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Visual Neglect
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Complex disorder of attention characterized by a tendency to ignore things that appear on one side of the body (usually the left side)
damage to the right parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex usually |
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Circadian rhythm
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Biological Activities that rise and fall in accordance with a 24 hour cycle
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Importance of a circadian rhythm
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They are important because it regulates many body functions like sleep, walking, body temp, hormone secretions, and blood pressures
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THe Surprachiasmatic (suprachiasmic) nucleus
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A. Particular area of the hypothalamus may play a key role in regulating the clock that controls circadian rhythms.
B. Regulates the secretion of melatonin by the pineal gland |
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Stages of sleep
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Stage 1 (theta waves)
Stage 2 (sleep spindles and K Complexes) State3/4 Sleep (Delta Activity) |
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Stage 1 Sleep
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People are not really asleep; instead their thoughts are simply drifting
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Stage 2 Sleep
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Theta waves begin to be interrupted occasionally by short bursts of activity called sleep spindles. There are also sudden sharp intermittent waveforms called K Complexes.
You're definitely asleep at this point, although your brain still shows some sensitivity to events in the external world (loud noises is an example) |
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Stage 3/4 Sleep
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Your really asleep and tough to arouse
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Paradoxical Sleep
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A. Another name for REM Sleep
B. Stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and low-amplitude, irregular EEG patterns resembling those found in the waking brain. REM is typically associated with dreaming |
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Typical Sleep Cycle
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90-100 Minutes
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Stanford 14 hour in bed study
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with slept debt, slept more than 8 hours, then laid in bed in dark room awake, showed need of young adults to have 8 hours of sleep
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Sleep Debt
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When someone is lacking sleep for periods of time up to two weeks
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Sleep dept related to BAC
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It is like you have a .20
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Survival Theory of Sleep
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A. Sleep is simply an adaptive response to changing environmental conditions, a form of behavior that is useful ecause it increases the likelihood that we'll survive.
B. Sleep became adaptive with our ancestors because it stopped people from venturing forth into a hostile environment at night where we couldn't see as well |
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Repair and restoration theory of sleep
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a. Sleep functions restore or repair the body and brain
b. Daily activities produce wear and tear on the body, and some mind-brain “down time” may be needed to put things back in order |
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Prolonged sleep deprivation side effects
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Slurred speech, sharp declines in mental ability, and even the development of paranoia and hallucinations
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REM Rebound
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The tendency to increase time spent in REM sleep after REM deprivation
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Frued's manifest content of dreams
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The actual symbols and events experienced in a dream
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Frued's Latent content of dreams
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the true hidden desires that are too disturbing to be expressed consciously
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Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis of dreams
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a. Dreaming is a consequence of random activity in the brain.
b. Dreams represent the brain’s attempt to make sense of the random patterns of neural activity generated during sleep. |
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Insomnia
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a. A chronic condition marked by difficulties in initiating or maintaining sleep, lasting for a period of at least one month
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Narcolepsy
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a. A rare sleep disorder characterized by sudden extreme sleepiness
b. Sleep attacks can last from a few seconds to several minutes c. Person directly enters a kind of REM sleep state |
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Sleep Apnea
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a. Rare condition in which the sleeper repeatedly stops breathing throughout the night, usually for short periods lasting up to a minute or so
b. Usually ends with the person waking up gasping for breath |
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Nightmare
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a. Frightening and anxiety-arousing dreams that occur primarily during the REM state of sleep
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Night Terror
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a. Terrifying experiences in which the sleeper awakens suddenly in an extreme state of panic
i. Occurs mainly in children |
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Drug Tolerance
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a. An adaptation made by the body to compensate for the continued use of a drug, such that increasing amounts of the drug are needed to produce the same physical behavior effects
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Drug Dependence
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a. A condition in which one experiences a physical or a psychological need for continued use of a drug
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Drug Withdraw
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a. Physical reactions, such as sweating, vomiting, changes in heart rate, or tremors, that occur when a person stops taking certain drugs after continued use
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Neurotransmitters are increased with alcohol consumption
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GABA and dopamine
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64. Who said, “The best life has to offer is an adequate flow of dopamine at the nucleus accumbens”?
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a. Dr. Stanley Sunderwirth
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Different Classes of Drugs
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Depressants, Stimulants, Opiates, Hallucinogens
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Hypnosis
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a. Hypnosis can help pain relief; help people kick unwanted habits like smoking or overeating, promotes relaxation. Hypnosis can help improve memory called hypnotic hypermnesia
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Depressants
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i. Slow or depress the ongoing activity of the central nervous system
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Stimulants
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i. Increases central nervous system activity enhancing neural transmission
1. Includes caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines and cocaine ii. Increase alertness and can affect mood by inducing feelings of pleasure |
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Opiates
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i. Depress nervous system activity, thereby reducing anxiety, elevating mood, and lowering sensitivity to pain
1. Includes opium, heroin, and morphine |
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Hallucinogens
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i. Drugs that tend to disrupt normal mental and emotional functioning including distorting perception and altering reality
1. Includes LSD, Marijuana, Mescaline (Shrooms) and Psilocybin |
