Psych 2Aa3 Chapter 12: Understanding Self And Others

Front 1

What is self-concept?

Back 1

Answers the question "who am I?" and refers to attitudes, behaviours and values that a person believes make him or her a unique individual.

Front 2

What emerges after self-awareness in children?

Back 2

Self-concept.

Once children begin to fully understand that they exist and that they have a unique mental life, they begin to wonder who they are and want to define themselves.

Front 3

What does a preschoolers self concept involve?

Back 3

Very simple.
Observable and concrete.

Revolve around possessions, physical characteristics, preferences and competencies.

ex: "I like cars and trues and am a boy"

Front 4

What does a school-age child's self concept involve?

(ages 6-8)

Back 4

Emotions, social groups, comparisons with peers, social belonging, skills.

Front 5

What does an adolescent's self-concept involve?

Back 5

Future oriented.
Attitudes, personality traits, beliefs.
More abstract.

Front 6

What is adolescent ego-centrism?

Back 6

The self-absorption that marks the teenage search for identity.

Front 7

What is an imaginary audience?

Back 7

Adoloscents often belief that others are constantly watching them/

Front 8

What is the personal fable?

Back 8

Teenagers' tendency to believe that their experiences and feelings are unique, that no one has ever felt or thought as they do.

ex: "no one else understands"

Front 9

What is the illusion of invulnerability?

Back 9

Believing misfortune only happens to others.

ex: thinking you can have sex without getting pregnant, drive without being in an accident, etc.

Front 10

How does egocentrism, imaginary audiences, personal fables, and the illusion of invulnerability change with development?

Back 10

These all become less common as adolescents make progress toward achieving an identity.

Front 11

What is involved in achieving an identity?

Back 11

Diffusion: individuals are confused or overwhelmed by the task of achieving an identity and are doing little to achieve one.

Foreclosure: these individuals have an identity determined largely by adults, rather than from personal exploration of alternatives.

Moratorium: individuals in this status are still examining different alternatives and have yet to find a satisfactory identity

Achievement: these individuals have explored alternatives and have deliberately chosen a specific identity.

*these phases do not necessarily occur in sequence

Front 12

What is crystallization?

Back 12

Around 13 or 14 years, adolescents use their emerging identities as a source of ideas about careers.

(using your own talents and interests you can narrow down what you want to be)

Front 13

What is specification?

Back 13

Individuals further limit their career possibilities by learning more about specific lines of work and starting to obtain the training required for a specific job.

Occurs ~ 18 years

Front 14

What is implementation?

Back 14

Individuals finally enter the workforce. This is a time of learning about responsibility and productivity, etc.

Front 15

What are the 3 phases of career development?

Back 15

Crystallization, specification and implementation.

Front 16

What is ethnic identity and why might it be important?

Back 16

Individuals might feel part of their ethnic group and learn special customs and traditions of their group's culture and heritage.

It becomes an increasing issue with age, and eventually a distinct ethnic self-concept may be established.

Ethnic identity can form high self-esteem and these individuals may do better in school.

Front 17

What is an attribution?

Back 17

An explanation for success or failure.

Depression-prone people usually blame themself.

Front 18

What is self-esteem?

Back 18

A person's judgment and feelings about his or her own worth.

Children with high self-esteem favour themselves and feel positive, while children with low self-esteem are negative and unhappy with themselves.

Front 19

How is self-esteem measured?

Back 19

Hartler & Pike (1984)
-4 to 7 year olds
-children were asked to choose from a picture and then either to a circle that would say they were "a lot" like them or "a little"
-measured children's self-worth in 4 areas: cognitive competence, physical competence, acceptance by peers and acceptance by mothers

Measelle (1998)
-uses puppets to get information from the children

-questionnaires (SSPC)

Front 20

What is the SSPC?

Back 20

The most widely used questionnaire is the "Self-Perception Profile for Children" (SSPC) and is designed for children age 8 and older in 5 domains

1) scholastic competence - school
2) athletics
3) social acceptance
4) behavioural conduct
5) physical appearance

Front 21

When is self-esteem highest?

Back 21

Preschool years.

This is when we have positive views of ourselves.

Front 22

What contributes to high self esteem?

Back 22

Self-esteem is affected by how others view them, particularly people who are important to them.

-affectionate and involved parents-
-families that live in harmony
-discipline

Front 23

How is low self-esteem associated with developmental problems?

Back 23

-more likely to have problems with peers
-more prone to psychological disorders (depression, etc)
-more likely to be involved in bullying and aggressive behaviour
-more likely to do poorly in school

Front 24

What are Selman's 5 Stages of Perspective Taking?

Back 24

Undifferentiated, social-informational, self-reflective, third-person, societal

Front 25

What is Selman's undifferentiated stage?

Back 25

Ages 3-6
Children know that self and others can have different thoughts and feelings, but often confuse the two.

ex: Holly's father will be happy if she gets the kitten because he likes kittens

Front 26

What is Selman's social-informational stage?

Back 26

ages 4-9
Children know that perspectives differ because people have access to different information.

ex: Holly's father won't be mad if he knows why she climbed the tree

Front 27

What is Selman's self-reflective stage?

Back 27

7-12 years
Children can step into another's shoes and view themselves as others do; they know that others can do the same.

ex: Holly's father would understand that seh thought saving the kitten's life was really important, so he wouldnt' be mad.

Front 28

What is Selman's third-person stage?

Back 28

ages 10-15
children and adolescents can step outside the immediate situation to see how they and another person are viewed by a third person.

ex: Holly remembers the promise but doesn't think her father will be angry when she explains

Front 29

What is Selman's societal stage?

Back 29

14 years-adulthood
adolescents realize that a 3rd person's perspective is influenced by broader, personal, social and cultural contexts.

ex: Holly and her father both know that she almost always obeys him, so if she disobeyed him it was for a good reason

Front 30

What is prejudice?

Back 30

A negative view of others based on their membership to a specific group.