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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Firsthand and second hand info
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Firsthand: Get it yourself
More accurate…not 100% Can often misconstrue, misinterpret, misremember…schemas affect this Second hand: Media, friend, parent |
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Strengths of firsthand info
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Organize
Understand Helpful in ambiguous situations |
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Weaknesses of firsthand info
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Notice, remember, recall schema-consistent info
Ignore schema-inconsistent Perseverant ((really hard to un-know something..once you have opinion, sort of entered into mental framework..just thinking about it strengthens it) |
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3 main problems of firsthand info
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Schema distortion
One person – unrepresentative Overgeneralize info and accurate info about what kinds of people are like..one perspective is not well representative Incorrect attributions Can make inferences (why friend didn’t pay back)..but not always correct..suspect to FAE |
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3 main problems of secondhand info
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Sharpening and leveling - “tell a good story”
The goal to tell a good story..when you do, punch up good parts and lead about boring parts..person telling story to is not getting complete info Motivated biases Telling a story in such a way that it supports political views, or opinion from person..fits strong and held belief Negative information bias Maybe remember better |
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Primacy and recency order effects
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Primacy
First thing you hear will be most influential..has a disproportionate influence on your judgment Recency |
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when primacy and when recency
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Both more memorable than middle
Less information/time: primacy Affects construal/memory of subsequent information More time/information: recency Most readily available in memory |
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Spin framing examples
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Estate Tax
Enhanced Interrogation Techniques Undocumented Workers Climate Change to Death Tax Torture Illegal Immigrants Global Warming |
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Loss aversion
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Losses feel more bad than gains feel good
Virus! Try controversial drug? refers to people's tendency to strongly prefer avoiding losses to acquiring gains. Some studies suggest that losses are twice as powerful, psychologically, as gains. |
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How do we seek out info?
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Don’t seek it out in a way that is free from bias..schemas affect the information we go out to get
Schemas again! Confirmation bias Self-fulfilling prophecies |
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Confirmation bias
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The tendency to test an idea by searching for evidence that would support it
Disconfirming information? |
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Stuff about self fulfilling prophecy
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An expectation about another person, which affects how you behave towards this person, which causes this person to act in ways that support the original expectation
Study: late bloomer study..half of her students are late bloomers..students are just randomly assigned..she thinks they are budding geniuses..pay more attention to them..geniuses do better |
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Motivated confirmation bias
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Seek evidence to support a strongly held belief
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Intuition vs. reason
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Intuition --> automatic
“gut” Reason --> controlled “head” Quick intuitive judgments may feel accurate enough that further rational information processing is avoided! Can lead to errors |
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Heuristics definition
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Mental shortcuts that people use to make judgments quickly and efficiently
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Availability heuristics
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Basing a judgment on the ease with which something comes to mind
How easily something comes to mind (not the same thing as availability in priming) Fluency: misattribute positive feelings associated with ease to content of judgment Easy vs. hard to pronounce names Easy vs hard to read fonts How you think about yourself |
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Representativeness heuristics
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Judgment according to how similar something is to a “typical” case
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Base rates
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We ignore “base rates”
Information about the frequency of members of different categories in the pop |
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Anchoring and adjustment
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Using a number or value and then adjusting insufficiently from this anchor to make a judgment
Sale on soup! (Limit 10 per customer) You are participant #50. How many instances of cheating were brought to the academic board last year? You are participant #550. How many instances… |
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Last stuff about social judgment dual process
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Framing with eyewitness testimony (if surrounding people with less lookalikes).framing also with deciding sentences (should put most leniant punishment first..not last)…same thing with order effect…representativeness with stereotyping? ..anchoring with deciding sentences too..schemas also fill in the blanks for eyewitness testimony..also with how you prepare defendant in suit to activate that schema…remember for final synthesis (what a teacher does everyday, what police officer faces..schemas would help…)
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