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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Stress
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Caused by event appraised (we construe it) as exceeding one’s resources
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4 sources of stress
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Major life events
Could be positive or negative (first thing that come to mind might be negative…positive events, if they seem to demand more than give, could be stressors) Microstressors Little things that add up..long bus ride, stubbing toe Rumination Dwelling on negative events..not just experiencing it once, but reliving it in mind..increase stress (Low) perceived control Not feeling like you have control or status or ability to shape world around you..construing that you have long of control |
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Primary appraisal
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Challenge? Threat? Harm/loss?
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Secondary appraisal
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Do I have the resources to cope?
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More about appraisals
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Different than emotion..how we construe an event exposed to..how we look at it relevant to our goals
Secondary is whether I can handle it or not..whether you actually experience stress..if do not appraise situation with resources that I can handle, I will feel stress..why two different people can experience a situation differently |
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Attributions
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Explanatory Style
A person’s habitual way of explaining things |
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3 dimensions of explanatory styles
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Internal v external
Stable v unstable Stable v unstable, always be that way or not always bad..or one time mistake Global v specific Global affects whole life |
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3 dimensions of pessimistic explanatory style for failure
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Internal, stable, global
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Health consequences of stress
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Effects of cortisol release
Short-term Heart rate, blood pressure, immune system Chronic ulcers, heart disease, cancer, memory loss, rapid aging Pessimism predicts poorer health Low perceived status Heart & lung disease, arthritis, neurological disorders |
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Implementation intentions
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Specificity is key!
When, where, how? Key to actually accomplishing goals (when, where and how going to accomplish it)..more likely to be achieved experimentally Paper-Writing Study (Gollwitzer & Brandstatter, 1997) Implementation intentions condition: “Specify when and where you intend to write the report.” No implementation intentions (control) condition Results? |
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Results of implementation intention study
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Took less time to complete goal of report and way more likely to get it done if specific
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4 stress buffers
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Optimism buffers us!
Perceived control Nursing home study E.g., Implementation intentions Social connections Distancing instead of ruminating |
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Stuff about expressive writing
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Distancing! Ruminating is not helpful..reliving negative event over and over is not happy..distancing: take yourself away from the situation, observe…3rd person point of view…good for thinking about past events and future events…expressive writing is one way to do it for the future
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Stuff about Ramirez test of expressive writing
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4 studies in this…3 and 4 are more relevant
3 and 4 kind of combined Randomly assigned people who were about to take same test…expressive writing or control…9th graders take bio…one group says write about worries of test about to take and the other half are told to write about something unrelated…manipulated stuff and looked for differences but didn’t manipulate test anxiety Added arrows to see differences…solid line is the writers, dotted was the control…didn’t matter for low anxiety. But the stressed out people had a huge jump after intervention…know the gist of all outside articles, generally what they found and important variables..dont need to know explicit variables |
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Affective Forecasting
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Predicting how we will feel during or after a particular event in the future
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Impact bias
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overestimate the length or the intensity of future feeling states
Overestimate how happy lottery money would make you feel |
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Immune neglect
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underestimate our resilience during negative life events
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Focalism
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focus on only one aspect of an experience or event when trying to predict future emotions
With lottery, all thinking about winning the money (focused on this one aspect) but then whole rest of life continues to move on..social relationships, microstressors, other stuff..fail to account on other events Cars too..equally miserable with nice or bad car being stuck in traffic..dampen happiness |
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3 reasons why bad at predicting emotions
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Impact bias, immune neglect, focalism
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Dunn reading stuff! look over this..prosocial spending
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What was their hypothesis?
Spending money on somebody else makes you happier than spending money on yourself How did they support it across 3 studies? Correlational? Experimental? Correlational: people how much they spend (1)..self report how much spent each year on different categories..divided it on things for self and then for others (but maybe people who are happier like spending on others) Study 2: unexpected bonuses..what do you do with new unexpected money? Study 3: EXPERIMENTAL: gave people money and split up to spend on others or spend on selves..randomly assigned…manipulated variable of spending on self or spending on others Evaluate studies’ internal and external validity Strongest internal (3) because had independent variable Strongest external (1 and 2)..real people with actual money in actual lives What predicted happiness? Prosocial spending (being told) made you report being more happy..amount of money did not matter (experimental)…amount of money doesn’t affect anything but it matters what we do with it Take-home point? Spend on other people..tell people that it is also better to do it this way |
