Psych 270 Ch1 - Ch 3

Front 1

The Six Core Concepts

Back 1

Context Continuum, Cultural/Historical Relativism, Advantages/Limitations, Multiple Causality, Mind/Body Connection

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Reliability

Back 2

The consistency of a test, measurement, or category system

Front 3

Precipitating Causes

Back 3

the immediate trigger or precipitant of an event

Front 4

Predisposing causes

Back 4

the underlying processes that crate conditions making it possible for a precipitating cause to trigger and event.

Front 5

Reductionism

Back 5

explaining a disorder or other complex phenomenon using only a single idea or perspective.

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Abnormal Psychology/Psychopathology

Back 6

the subfield of psychology devoted to the study of mental disorders.

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HIDES Criteria

Back 7

Help seeking, Irrationality/dangerousness, Deviance, Emotional Distress, Significant impairment

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Natural Categories

Back 8

categories that usually work reasonably well in every day use, despite their lack of precision.

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Animism

Back 9

belief in the existence and power of a spirit world

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Deinstitutionalization

Back 10

the social policy, beginning in the late 1960s, of discharging large numbers of hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community.

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Humours

Back 11

four bodily fluids believed, by Hipocrates and Greek Doctors, to control health and disease

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Hysteria

Back 12

a term used for centuries to describe a syndrome of symptoms that appear to be neurological but do not have a neurological cause… now classified as conversion disorder

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Suggestion

Back 13

the physical and psychological effects of mental states such as belief, confidence, submission to authority, and hope.

Front 14

Paradigms

Back 14

overall scientific worldviews, which radically shift as various points in history, according to philosopher of science.. Thomas Kuhn

Front 15

Reductionism

Back 15

explaining a disorder or other complex phenomenon using only a single idea or perspective

Front 16

Precipitating cause

Back 16

the immediate trigger or precipitant of an event

Front 17

Predisposing cause

Back 17

the underlying processes that create the conditions making it possible for a precipitating cause to trigger an event

Front 18

Diathesis-stress model

Back 18

the view that the development of a disorder requires the interaction of a diathesis (predisposing cause) and a stress (precipitating cause)

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Biopsychological model

Back 19

a perspective in abnormal psychology that integrates biological, psychological, and social components

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Correlation

Back 20

a statistical term for a systematic association between variables

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Longitudinal

Back 21

research that studies subjects over time

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Psychodynamic

Back 22

theoretical perspective which began with Freud. Associated with emphasis on unconscious mental processes, emotional conflict, and the influcne of childhood on adult life.

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Unconcious

Back 23

descriptively, mentalk contents that are outside of awareness. Also the irrational, instinctual part of the mind in Freud’s topographic theory.

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Repression

Back 24

defense mechanism consisting of the forgetting of painful or unacceptable mental content.

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Conscious

Back 25

mental contents that are within awareness. Also the rational part of the mind in Freuds topographic theory.

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Topographic Theory

Back 26

freuds first model of the mind, divided into the unconscious, conscious and preconscious

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Preconscious

Back 27

mental contents that are not the focus of conscious attention but are accessible because they are not repressed

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Structural Model

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Freud’s final model of the brain… divided into id, ego, and superego

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Id

Back 29

the part of the mind containing instinctual images

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Superego

Back 30

the part of the mind that contains moral judgments and evaluates the self

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Ego

Back 31

the part of the mind that is oriented to the external world and mediates the demands of the id and superego

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Defense mechanisms

Back 32

unconscious automatic mental processes that reduce anxiety by warding off unacceptable thoughts and feelings

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Humanistic Perspective

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the theoretical perspective that emphasizes the importances of self-actualization in human life and unconditional positive regard in relationships

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Self-actualization

Back 34

in humanistic theory, the pursuit of ones true self and needs

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Unconditional positive regard

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in humanistic theory the provision of unconditional love, empathy, and acceptance in relationships

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Existential

Back 36

the theoretical perspective that emphasizes individual responsibility for creating meaning in life in the face of universal anxiety about death

Front 37

Client-centered therapy

Back 37

a humanistic treatment approach developed by Carl Rogers

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Conditions of worth

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parental standards that must be me in order to feel valued and love

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Active listening

Back 39

intense listening to the client expressed in paraphrasing, reflecting back, and summarizing clients’ comments.

Front 40

Empathy

Back 40

understanding the feelings of another person

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Behaviorism

Back 41

theoretical perspective that emphasizes the influence of learning through classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and modeling, on behavior

Front 42

Classical Conditioning

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learning that takes palce through automatic associations between neutral stimuli and unconditioned stimuli

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Temporal contiguity

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two events occurring closely together in time

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Unconditioned stimulus

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stimulus that automatically elicits a reponse through a natural reflex

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Unconditioned response

Back 45

the natural reflex response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

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Conditioned stimulus

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a previously neutral stimulus that acquires the ability to elicit a response through classical conditioning

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Conditioned response

Back 47

the response elicited by a conditioned stimulus

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Phobia

Back 48

an intense, persistent, and irrational fear of a specific object or situation

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Operant Conditioning

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a form of learning in which behaviors are shaped through rewards and punishments

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Reinforcement

Back 50

in operating conditioning, any environmental response to a behavior that will increase the probability that the behavior will be repeated

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Punishment

Back 51

in operant conditioning, any environmental response to a behavior that decreases the probability that the behavior will be repeated

Front 52

Law of Effect

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Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by pleasurable consequences are likely to be repeated while behaviors followed by aversive consequences are not

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Modeling

Back 53

learning based on observation and imitation

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Extinction

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the weakening of a connection between a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response

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Exposure

Back 55

technique of deliberately confronting a conditioned stimulus in order to promote extinction

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Systematic desensitization

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technique of gradually increasing exposure to a conditioned stimulus while practicing relaxation techniques

Front 57

Aversion therapy

Back 57

behavioral technique involving paring an unwanted behavior with an aversive stimulus in order to classically condition a connection between the,

Front 58

Contingency management

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the use of reinforcements and punishments to shape behavior

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Token economies

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the systematic use of little tokens as rewards in an operant conditioning treatment program

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Social skills training

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the use of operant conditioning techniques and modeling in order to improve social skills.

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Cognitive

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theoretical perspective that focuses on the influence of thoughts on behavior

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Cognitive Schemas

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mental models of he world used to organize information

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Cognitive Restructuring

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therapy techniques that focus on changing irrational and problematic thoughts

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Attributions

Back 64

people’s beliefs about the causes of events

Front 65

Explanatory styles

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the patterned ways in which people perceive and explain the causes of life events

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Cognitive-behavioral

Back 66

approach that combines cognitive and behavioral principles

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Cognitive distortions

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irrational beliefs and thinking processes

Front 68

Negative automatic thoughts

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negative thoughts generated by negative cognitive schemas

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Cognitive triad

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in cognitive theory, the triad consisting of ones self, ones future, and ones world.

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Sociocultural

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the theoretical perspective that focuses on the influence of large social and cultural forces on functioning

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Family systems

Back 71

the theoretical perspective that focuses on the importance of family dynamics in understanding and treating psychopathology

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Anorexia Nervosa

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a disorder involving extreme thinness, often through self starvation

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Homeostasis

Back 73

the tendency of systems such as family systems, to maintain stable patterns

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Enmeshed families

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families in which boundaries between members are weak, and relationships tend to be intrusive

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Disengaged families

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families in which relationships tend to be distant and unemotional

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Genogram

Back 76

diagram of the structure of a family

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Identified Patient

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the member of the family identified by the family as having problems, family system theorists see this as a manifestation of a problem in the family system not in the individual

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Central Nervous System

Back 78

the control cnter for transmitting information and impulses throughout the body, consisting of the brain and spinal cord

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Neuron

Back 79

an individual never cell

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Thalamus

Back 80

a sub cortical brain structure involved in routing and filtering sensory input.

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Hypothalamus

Back 81

a subcortical brain structure that controls the endocrine, or hormonal system

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Basal Ganglia

Back 82

a sub cortical brain structure involved in the regulation of movement

Front 83

Neurotransmitters

Back 83

chemicals that allow neurons in the brain to communicate by traveling between them

Front 84

Synapse

Back 84

point of connection between neurons

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Synaptic Cleft

Back 85

the tiny gap between one neutron and the next at a synapse

Front 86

Receptors

Back 86

the areas of a neuron that receive neurotransmitters from adjacent neurons

Front 87

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Back 87

medications that block the reuptake of serotonin from the synapse used in the treatment of depression and other disorders

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Peripheral nervous system

Back 88

network of nerves throughout the body that carries information and impulses to and from the CNS

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Somatic Nervous System

Back 89

connects the CNS with the sensory organs and skeletal muscles

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Autonomic Nervous Sytem

Back 90

connects the CNS with the body’s internal organs

Front 91

Sympathetic division

Back 91

network of nerves within the ANS that regulate body’s response to emergency and arousal situations

Front 92

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Back 92

network of nerves within the ANS that regulate the body’s calming and energy conserving functions

Front 93

Endocrine System

Back 93

the system of glands that controls the production and release of hormones

Front 94

Hormones

Back 94

chemicals released by the endocrine system that regulate sexual behavior, metabolism, and physical growth

Front 95

Family pedigree studies

Back 95

studies designed to investigate whether a disorder runs in families

Front 96

Twin Studies

Back 96

studies designed to compare concordance rates for a given disorder between identical vs non identical twins

Front 97

Concordance

Back 97

situation in which two twins both have the same disorder

Front 98

Concordance rate

Back 98

in a group of twins, the percentage that both have the same disorder.

Front 99

Adoption studies

Back 99

studies designed to compare the concordance rates for a given disorder of biological versus nonbiological parent=child pairs.

Front 100

Genetic linkage

Back 100

studies looking for the specific genetic material that may be responsible for the genetic influence on particular disorders.

Front 101

Natural selection

Back 101

the evolutionary theory and process by which organisms over generations tend to change and develop traits and behaviors that enhance survival and reproduction

Front 102

Prefrontal lobotomy

Back 102

the surgical destruction of certain brain tissues as a treatment for a mental disorder

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Insulin coma

Back 103

the deliberate induction of a seizure and coma using insulin.. formerly used to treat certain mental disorders

Front 104

Electroconvulsive therapy

Back 104

the deliberate induction of a seizure by passing electrical current through the brain currently used to treat sever depression in some circumstances

Front 105

Psychotropic

Back 105

medications designed to affect mental functioning

Front 106

Agonists

Back 106

drugs that increase neurotransmission

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Antagonists

Back 107

drugs that reduce or block neurotransmission.

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Psychotic

Back 108

out of contact with reality, such as experiencing hallucinations or delusions

Front 109

Delusions

Back 109

fixed, false, and often bizarre beliefs

Front 110

Hallucinations

Back 110

abnormal sensory experiences such as hearing or seeing non-existent things.