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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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5 developmental tasks of adolescence
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accept changing bodies
adult thinking mature ways of relating to peers of both sexes consolidate an identity greater emotional and economic independence |
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definition of puberty
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set of biological processes that change the immature child into a sexually mature person
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timing of puberty
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girls: 10.5-15
boys: 11.5-17 |
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nature of body growth
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grow at different rates but in same sequence, characterized by uneven growth (asynchrony)
overall body growth controlled by hormones |
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growth spurt: female
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start earlier age 9-10, lasts 2.5 years
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growth spurt: male
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start later, 12.5 and grow for a longer period of time.
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primary vs. secondary sexual characteristics
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primary- involve reproductive organs directly
secondary-external physical changes that help distinguish males and females. |
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general changes during sexual maturation
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changes in levels of androgens and estrogens-levels are sex specific.
boys- muscle growth, body size girls- breasts and uterus, fat accumulation, menstrual cycle |
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menarche
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occurs late in sequence, typically around age 12.5, genetics and body fat (100 lbs)
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spermarche
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role of genes affecting pubertal timing
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tend to reach puberty about the age that parents did, twin studies 2 months vs. 12 months
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environmental factors affecting pubertal timing
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nutrition, weight, dieting exercise,
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socioemotional stress affecting pubertal timing
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links between earlier pubertal timing and stress, divorce, father absence and family conflict
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adolescents' reactions to pubertal timing
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early boys tend to fare better than girls, later: girls fare better than boys.
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effects of early maturation
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effects of late maturation
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why adolescent body image is a focal concern
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.adolescents are finally aware of changing body, conformity is important, mass media is one dimensional, increased risk of eating disorders and steroid abuse
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easting disorders
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adolescent sexuality
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sexual initiation 15-19, a majority become sexually active
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general nature of dating and early sexual experiences
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dating is based ona superficial intimacy rather than a genuine closeness, girls at 13-14 and boys at 14-15
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eating disorders
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anorexia- 1% starving, boys 10% of all cases
bulimia- 2-3% of girls, easier to treat genetic predisposition |
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spermarche
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first ejaculation- 13.5
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STDs
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inconsistent use of protection and contraception, have highest STD rate of any group, 20% of sexually active teen girls become pregnant each year
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gender differences in sexual scripts and early sexual experiences
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males:expected to be interested in sex, manly, take initiative, idealization of nonrelational sex
female: less interested in sex, more in love, set limits, desirable |
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sexual socialization as a multidimensional process
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defined as what and how we learn about sexuality and sexual relationships, learning involves many issues, input comes in different forms and received across lifespan
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common sources of sexual communication
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parents, peers, school, media, source of information varies by topic
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nature of parental sexual communication – general findings from Miller et al (1998) and lecture
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parents typically give minimal, direct verbal information. often about biology, development and safety, minimal of pleasure and feelings.
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impact of parental communication on early sexual behavior – why mixed findings?
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associated with dely of sexual intercourse and safer practices, others say opposite, others no effects. research viewed parental communication too simplistically
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comparison of the nature of sexual communication from parents, peers, and the media (Ward lab findings)
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peers, then media, then parents are top sources. parents- sex is for marriage and love
peers and media-freedom and stereotypes. three sources were equal in their communication to the importance of love |
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• nature of sexual content on TV - general findings from Ward (1995) content analysis
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media exposure is a predictor of beliefs and about sex and roles, viewer involvenments more influential than exposure, reproductive function of women's bodies,
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adolescent substance use and abuse
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by end of high school, 14% smoke cigarettes, 28% drank w/i last two weeks, 50% have experimented illegal drugs
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• teenage pregnancy (in text) - rates, consequences;
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900,000 births in one year, to teens, many live in poverty, not enough education, low cost contraceptives are scarce
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gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth – coming out (text p. 296)
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girls and boys feel different in youth, confused during puberty, awareness at 11 or 2 for boys and 14 or 15 for girls. accept their identity, suicide is high, may escape into drugs and alcohol, parental acceptance important.
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Advances in adolescent thinking – 4 specific advances:
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1) thinking about possibilities; 2) thinking through hypotheses - hypothetico-deductive reasoning; 3) thinking about abstract concepts; 4) second-order thinking
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sources of psychosocial immaturity
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gap in the maturation of brain networks, socioemotional networks develop early, highlight emotion, regards, sensation seeking and positive interactions
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Role of brain development in adolescents’ changing thinking
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growth spurt in production of gray matter in frontal lobes.
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imaginary audience
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erroneous belief that on'e behavior is the subject of constant public attention
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personal fable
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erroneous belief that one's thoughts, feelings and experiences are totally unique
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• nature of sexual content on TV - general findings from Ward (1995) content analysis
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media exposure is a predictor of beliefs and about sex and roles, viewer involvenments more influential than exposure, reproductive function of women's bodies,
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adolescent substance use and abuse
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by end of high school, 14% smoke cigarettes, 28% drank w/i last two weeks, 50% have experimented illegal drugs
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• teenage pregnancy (in text) - rates, consequences;
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900,000 births in one year, to teens, many live in poverty, not enough education, low cost contraceptives are scarce
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gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth – coming out (text p. 296)
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girls and boys feel different in youth, confused during puberty, awareness at 11 or 2 for boys and 14 or 15 for girls. accept their identity, suicide is high, may escape into drugs and alcohol, parental acceptance important.
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Advances in adolescent thinking – 4 specific advances:
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1) thinking about possibilities; 2) thinking through hypotheses - hypothetico-deductive reasoning; 3) thinking about abstract concepts; 4) second-order thinking
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sources of psychosocial immaturity
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gap in the maturation of brain networks, socioemotional networks develop early, highlight emotion, regards, sensation seeking and positive interactions
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Role of brain development in adolescents’ changing thinking
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growth spurt in production of gray matter in frontal lobes.
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imaginary audience
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erroneous belief that on'e behavior is the subject of constant public attention
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personal fable
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erroneous belief that one's thoughts, feelings and experiences are totally unique
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sensitivity to hypocrisy
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leads to arguments
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academic achievement : classroom learning
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tracks limit students, low ses students attend poor schools with bad teachers, US has more failures
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academic achievement :peers,
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children seek out friendships with similarly achieving friends with similar backgrounds.
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academic achievement :role of child-rearing practices,
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authoritative style predicts higher grades, authoritarian and permissive with lower grades. uninvolved lowest grades.
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changes in self-concept and self-esteem in adolescence
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use qualifiers because it is context based, appreciate more social virtues,
self esteem generally increases and becomes more stable |
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definition of identity
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a well organized conception of self made up of values, belief and goals to which the individual is solidly committed.
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– psychosocial conflict of identity achievement vs. identity role confusion
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a temporary period of confusion and distress experienced while experimenting with alternatives
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nature of identify formation process & factors affecting it
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long process over time, influenced by peers, parents, school and activities.
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complexities (hierarchical, intersectional, contextual)
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hierarchical- some are more important to us than others
intersectional- identities that overlap in meaningful ways contextual- different environments or situations can highlight specific identities |
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ethnic identity – definition
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enduring basic aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group and the attitudes and feelings related to that membership
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challenges and beneficial outcomes of ethnic identity
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negotiating stereotypes, conflicting values btwn ethnic and mainstream cultures.
higher self esteem, more satisfying interactions with family, better academic outcomes |
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identity achievement
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completed the struggle committed to a set of self chosen values and goals
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moratorium
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holding pattern; midst of exploration, not yet made commitments
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foreclosure
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pursuing goals chosen by others; commitment w/o exploration
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diffusion
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not committed to particular values and goals; not actively exploring, lack of clear direction
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Kohlberg’s 3 broad levels of moral reasoning
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preconventional- morality is externally controlled and is governed by external rewards and punishments.
conventional- societal rules are important postconventional- define morality with abstract principles and values |
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Kolberg- how assessed
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question about stealing medicine for dying wife
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kohlberg-criticisms of his approach
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focuese solely on moral thought w/o testing behavior, age biases?, gender bias?
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influences on moral reasoning (text)
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parenting practices- gain in discussion of moral concerns
schooling- college helps, students who take open discussion classes peer interaction- peers who confront each other with differing viewpoints culture- industrialized nations move through more quickly |
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individuation
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process of becoming an individual, separate emotionally from one's parents
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parent-child conflict
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occurs during individuation, especially 11-12 and most intense in mid adolescence, conflicts tend to focus on issues of self discipline and self control usually involve repeated, petty arguments about cleanliness, leisure time and chores.
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adolescent depression and suicide (prevalence, risk factors)
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depression is most common psych disorder in adolescents, increase between 13 and 15. more in girls.
suicide 3rd leading cause of death in young people, 9-10% attempted, 25-30% thought about it. usually in intelligent and withdrawn and antisocial risk taking kids. more boys than girls, risk factors include lack of coping strategies. |
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peak of physical development and health - how this is manifested; body reaching its full form
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Physical strength gradually increases during the 20s, peaks around 30, and then declines
Body has reached full form In 20s see: Growth in muscle, Increases in fat, Weight typically increases |
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biological aging – definition,
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Biological aging=genetically influenced declines in the functioning of organs and system that are universal among humans
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physical changes of aging, both in functioning of internal body systems (general nature) & physical appearance
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-muscle loss, change in motor performance, reproductive capacity declines, gradual loss of collagen, wrinkles, less pigment in hair, gray and thinning.
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telomeres
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end of DNA, shortens at each replication and eventually can no longer duplicate. protect against cancer.
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free radicals
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naturally occuring, highly reactive chemicals that form in the presence of oxygen, cause cellular abnormalities
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lifestyle factors: nature & impact of diet,
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fat and obesity, cancers, is converted to cholesterol,
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lifestyle factors: exercise
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exercise fosters resistance to disease, reduce incidence of cancer, mental health benefits
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general nature of biological aging
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Process of decline is asynchronous
Large differences across individuals in rate and course of aging due to many factors, Genetics, Lifestyle choices, Living environment, Historical period |
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lifestyle factors: smoking and drinking
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smoking-single biggest contributor to health problems
drinking-2-3 drinks per hour is binge drinking, health compromising behavior |
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findings from Schulenberg’s work
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followed 6852 youths from age 18 to 24
Identified 6 trajectories of binge drinking What distinguished chronic (6.8%) from decreased (11.7%)? Decreased were more likely to: •Have relatively more concrete plans for the future •Express more dissatisfaction with the present •Express a lower desire to drink to get drunk |
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Riegel’s view of adult cognition
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o Dialectical operations of postformal thought
o Accept contradiction and integrate differing viewpoints into a larger conceptual understanding- understand pros and cons. o Involves reasoning that is adapted to subjective, real life contexts |
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Perry’s theory of epistemic cognition
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dualistic thinking-right or wrong
relativistic thinking- viewing all knowledge as embedded in a framework of thought commitment within relativistic thinking- create a perspective that synthesizes contradictions |
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Labouvie-Vief’s view of adult cognition
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o Employing only traditional models may be maladaptive
o Subject feelings and personal experiences must be integrated with objective, analytic thought. o During adulthood, people gain in cognitive affective complexity |
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general characteristics of postformal thought
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o Relativism-awareness of multiple truths
o Contradiction- a basic aspect of reality o Synthesis- synthesizing contradictory thoughts, emotions and experiences. |
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levinson's seasons of life- development, structure, and content of theory
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• Central concept is the life structure=the underlying pattern of design of a person’s life at a given time-consists of relationships with significant others
• Sees development as a sequence of stable and transitional phases. o Stable-pusue goals-at ease with self o Transitional phases-question one’s life and explore new possibilities |
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stages of vocational choices
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fantasy, tentative then realistic
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levinson's seasons of life-• sequence for early adulthood - stages, areas of sex differences; nature and role of dream and mentor
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• 17-22=transition to early adulthood. Task is to become psychologically independent from parents.
• 22-28-stable phase. Become autonomous. Establish self in adult world. Work on developing intimacy. • 28-33=age 30 transition-reevaluate life structure • 33-40-stable phase-settling down o career consolidation is a major goal o sex differences o men are setting down o often see continued instability for women |
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levinson's seasons of life- concerns and criticisms of the theory
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don't apply so broadly as they did to past generations,
didn't study men and women from diverse backgrounds |
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Erikson’s psychosocial conflict - intimacy vs. isolation
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o Intimacy involves a mutually satisfying, close relationship with another
o Must balance needs for independence and intimacy |
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intimacy vs. isolation- characteristics of this conflict and of each outcome
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o Positive resolution-intimacy-able to commit to a love relationship and sacrifice and compromise
o Negative resolution-isolation-involves an inability or failure to achieve mutuality |
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The social clock, family life cycle
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age graded expectations for major events such as beginning a first job, getting married, birth of the first child... all societies have such timetables
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types of love – Sternberg’s triangular theory of love and its 3 components
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intimacy, passion and commitment- that shift in emphasis as romantic relationships develop
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transition to marriage - what people look for in partners
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• We tend to select mates similar to ourselves. Compatability
• What traits matter? Both women and men prefer intelligent, honest and emotionally stable partners who are attractive with a good personality |
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traditional vs. egalitarian marriage
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o Traditional marriage
• Clear division of husband’s and wife’s roles • M as head of household, breadwinner • F as caregiver o Egalitarian marriage • Relate as equals • Power and authority are shared |
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factors affecting division of power
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o Income of partner
o Views of male as provider o Degree love each other equally |
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predictors of marital satisfaction
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• 1. Communication of emotion
• 2. Homogamy-similarity of values and interests • age of marriage • length of courtship • timing of first pregnancy • warm and positive relationship to extended family • stable marital patterns in extended family • financial and employment security • personality characteristics • expectations and myths about marriage |
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typical problems and conflicts in transition to parenthood (text);
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sharing caregiving responsibilities is important.
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