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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ageism
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A prejudice whereby people are categorized and judged solely on the basis of their chronological age.
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demographic shift
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A shift in the proportions of the populations of various ages.
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dependency ratio
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A calculation of the number of self-sufficient productive adults compared with the number of dependents (children and the elderly) in a given population.
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elderspeak
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A condescending way of speaking to older adults that resembles baby talk, with simple and short sentences, exaggerated emphasis, repetition, and a slower rate and a higher pitch than used in normal speech.
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old-old
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Older adults (generally, those over age 75) who suffer from physical, mental, or social deficits.
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oldest-old
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Elderly adults (generally, those over age 85) who are dependent on others for almost everything, requiring supportive services such as nursing homes and hospital stays.
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young-old
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Healthy, vigorous, financially secure older adults (generally, those aged 60 to 75) who are well integrated into the lives of their families and communities.
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universal design
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The creation of settings and equipment that can be used by everyone, whether or not they are able-bodied and sensory-acute.
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chronic illness
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An illness that begins gradually and is ongoing.
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compression of morbidity
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A shortening of the time a person spends ill or infirm, accomplished by postponing illness.
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osteoporosis
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A disease whose symptoms are low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, which lead to increasingly fragile bones and greater risk of fracture.
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primary aging
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The universal and irreversible physical changes that occur to all living creatures as they grow older.
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secondary aging
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The specific physical illnesses or conditions that become more common with aging but are caused by health habits, genes, and other influences that vary from person to person.
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secondary aging
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The specific physical illnesses or conditions that become more common with aging but are caused by health habits, genes, and other influences that vary from person to person.
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calorie restriction
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The practice of limiting dietary energy intake (while consuming sufficient quantities of vitamins, minerals, and other important nutrients) for the purpose of improving health and slowing down the aging process.
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cellular aging
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The cumulative effect of stress and toxins, causing first cellular damage and eventually the death of cells.
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genetic clock
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A purported mechanism in the DNA of cells that regulates the aging process by triggering hormonal changes and controlling cellular reproduction and repair.
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Hayflick limit
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The number of times a human cell is capable of dividing into two new cells. The limit for most human cells is approximately 50 divisions, an indication that the life span is limited by our genetic program.
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wear-and-tear theory
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A view of aging as a process by which the human body wears out because of the passage of time and exposure to environmental stressors.
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average life expectancy
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The number of years the average newborn in a particular population group is likely to live.
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maximum life span
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The oldest possible age that members of a species can live under ideal circumstances. For humans, that age is approximately 122 years.
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ecological validity
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The idea that cognition should be measured in settings and conditions that are as realistic as possible and that the abilities measured should be those needed in real life.
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Alzheimer disease (AD)
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The most common cause of dementia, characterized by gradual deterioration of memory and personality and marked by the formation of plaques of beta-amyloid protein and tangles of tau in the brain. (Sometimes called senile dementia of the Alzheimer type.)
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frontal lobe disorder
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Deterioration of the amygdala and frontal lobes that may be the cause of 15 percent of all dementias. (Also called frontotemporal lobar degeneration and, in the DSM-5, frontotemporal NCD.)
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Lewy bodies
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Deposits of a particular kind of protein in the brain that interfere with communication between neurons; Lewy bodies cause neurocognitive disorder.
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neurocognitive disorders (NCDs)
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Impairments of intellectual functioning caused by organic brain damage or disease. NCDs may be diagnosed as major or mild, depending on the severity of symptoms. They become more common with age, but they are abnormal and pathological even in the very old.
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Parkinson's disease
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A chronic, progressive disease that is characterized by muscle tremor and rigidity, and sometimes dementia; caused by a reduction of dopamine production in the brain.
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plaques
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Clumps of a protein called beta-amyloid, found in brain tissues surrounding the neurons; a normal brain contains some tau, but in brains of people with Alzheimer disease these plaques proliferate, especially in the hippocampus, a brain structure crucial for memory.
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polypharmacy
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Refers to a situation in which elderly people have been prescribed several medications. The various side effects and interactions of those medications can result in dementia symptoms.
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tangles
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Twisted masses of threads made of a protein called tau within the neurons of the brain; a normal brain contains some beta-amyloid tau, but in brains of people with Alzheimer disease these tangles proliferate, especially in the hippocampus, a brain structure crucial for memory.
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vascular dementia (VaD)
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A form of neurocognitive disorder characterized by sporadic, and progressive, loss of intellectual functioning caused by repeated infarcts, or temporary obstructions of blood vessels, which prevent sufficient blood from reaching the brain.
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life review
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An examination of one's own life and one's role in the history of human life, engaged in by many elderly people.
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self-actualization
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The final stage in Maslow's hierarchy of needs, characterized by aesthetic, creative, philosophical, and spiritual understanding.
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activity theory
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The view that elderly people want and need to remain active in a variety of social spheres--with relatives, friends, and community groups--and become withdrawn only unwillingly, as a result of ageism.
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compulsive hoarding
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The urge to accumulate and hold on to familiar objects and possessions, sometimes to the point of their becoming health and/or safety hazards. This impulse tends to increase with age.
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disengagement theory
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The view that aging makes a person's social sphere increasingly narrow, resulting in role relinquishment, withdrawal, and passivity.
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integrity versus despair
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The final stage of Erik Erikson's developmental sequence, in which older adults seek to integrate their unique experiences with their vision of community.
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positivity effect
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The tendency for elderly people to perceive, prefer, and remember positive images and experiences more than negative ones.
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self theories
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Theories of late adulthood that emphasize the core self, or the search to maintain one's integrity and identity.
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socioemotional selectivity theory
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The theory that older people prioritize regulation of their own emotions and seek familiar social contacts who reinforce generativity, pride, and joy.
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stratification theories
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Theories that emphasize that social forces, particularly those related to a person's social stratum or social category, limit individual choices and affect a person's ability to function in late adulthood because past stratification continues to limit life in various ways.
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age in place
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To remain in the same home and community in later life, adjusting but not leaving when health fades.
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naturally occurring retirement community (NORC)
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A neighborhood or apartment complex whose population is mostly retired people who moved to the location as younger adults and never left.
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filial responsibility
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The obligation of adult children to care for their aging parents.
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activities of daily life (ADLs)
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Typically-identified as five tasks of self-care that are important to independent living: eating, bathing, toileting, dressing, and transferring from a bed to a chair. The inability to perform any of these tasks is a sign of frailty.
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frail elderly
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People over age 65, and often over age 85, who are physically infirm, very ill, or cognitively disabled.
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instrumental activities of daily life (IADLs)
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Actions (for example, paying bills and driving a car) that are important to independent living and that require some intellectual competence and forethought. The ability to perform these tasks may be even more critical to self-sufficiency than ADL ability.
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