Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is social support?
|
Emotional and practical help from others that protects us from stress and bolsters us.
|
|
|
What are the sources of social support?
|
Social Network.
|
|
|
What is a social convoy?
|
A social network that changes in size and composition over time - similar to Sullivan's idea.
|
|
|
Who pioneered the attachment theory?
|
John Bowlby.
|
|
|
What are the components of the attachment theory?
|
emotional (regulation); social (communication) and cognitive (ability to learn from others);
|
|
|
From what perspective did Bowlby view attachment?
|
An abnormal perspective.
|
|
|
From what perspective did Konrad Lorenz view attachment?
|
From an animal behavior perspective.
|
|
|
In the experiments with the monkeys, what effects did those monkeys who were raised in isolation demonstrate?
|
Emotional and social impairment;
|
|
|
What were the effects on premature babies who were not rocked during infancy?
|
Less weight gain and overall less improvement.
|
|
|
What was a key component to John Bowlby's attachment theory?
|
The internal working model - representation of relationships with people that is modelled after the first relationship an infant has in life;
|
|
|
What are the four types of attachment from the Strange Situation Task?
|
Secure, avoidant, resistant, disorganized
|
|
|
What is social referencing?
|
Infants monitor companion's emotional reactions and use information to decide how they should feel and behave;
|
|
|
What helps attachment form between parent and child?
|
contact comfort, rocking, development of synchronized routines;
|
|
|
What might cause disorganized attachment?
|
If that parent is unable to bond with a children because of psychopathy.
|
|
|
What is a secure base?
|
When the infant uses the adult as a point to explore from and a place to return to if they feel threatened;
|
|
|
What does Mary Ainsworth Strange Situation test not take into account?
|
Cultural variation.
|
|
|
What does Mary Ainsworth's test evaluate?
|
The degree of stranger anxiety from which an infant suffers.
|
|
|
What are the benefits of secure attachment?
|
Social leaders, curious, self directed, emotional regulation.
|
|
|
What are some characteristics of insecure attached children?
|
Stressed out, suspicious, distrustful;
|
|
|
What percentage of 1 year old's are securely attached?
|
60 to 65%;
|
|
|
What are the four stages of infant attachment?
|
- undiscriminating social responsiveness
- discriminating social responsiveness - actively seeking proximity - goal-corrected partnership |
|
|
What does an infant's ability to attach to another adult depend on?
|
Their cognitive development - must have achieved person permanance - a type of object permanence; their temperment; and caregiver's behavior is the most important;
|
|
|
What are the effects of preschool?
|
Some adjustment problems in grade 6, but better language skills by gratde 5; PARENTING QUALITY IS MOST IMPORTANT;
|
|
|
What must be taken into account when thinking of "kangaroo care" for young infants?
|
child needs to be physically healthy enough to deal with wearing diper and a hat and have contact comfort;
|
|
|
How can we study the effects of early attachment?
|
Studying social deprivation; the longer Romanian orphans were left in socially deprived settings, the more likely they were to show abnormal patterns of insecure attachment;
|
|
|
What did Mildred Parten find about play between the ages of 2 and 5?
|
Play becomes increasingly social ;
|
|
|
What is used to assess peer acceptance and popularity?
|
Sociometrics techniques - physical attractiveness and social competance;
|
|
|
What is the diffference between a crowd and a clique?
|
A crowd is a collection of several heterosexual cliques, which are small same-sex friendship groups;
|
|
|
What is the socioemotional selectivity theory:
|
Shrinking social networks of aging adults as a choice to better meet their emotional needs;
|
|
|
What are chumships?
|
close friendships with peers of the same sex that emerge around the age of 9; Sullivan;
|
|
|
According to Carroll Izard, when do self-conscious emotions develop?
|
18 months of age;
|
|
|
What is the brain basis of moral reasoning?
|
It exists in the frontal lobe, where emotion areas exist, and therefore, there is greater emphasis on emotional reasoning and less logic when a personal situation is invovled; the logical component is not always as effective as it could be;
|
|
|
What is a downfall of Kohlberg's take on moral development?
|
He did not consider emotion in his theories; too much emphasis on cognition;
|
|
|
What is some evidence for the usage of emotion in decision making?
|
- patients with prefrontal damage frequently engage in highly immoral behaviors with no remorse;
- individuals with anti-social personality disorder: reduced autonomic responses to socially stressful tasks; |
|
|
What is the moral state of babies?
|
They are thought to be amoral.
|
|
|
What were the stages of Piaget's theory regarding moral reasoning?
|
1) premoral period: preeschool years; can't be considered moral beings as do not understand rules;
2)heteronmous morality: ages 6-10; take rules seriously; see rules as sacred and unalterable; 3)autonomous: ages 10/11; pay more attention to the consensus of individuals and to intentions of a person; |
|
|
What were Kohlberg's views on moral development?
|
1) preconventional stage: conforms to rules to avoid punishment or gain rewards;
2) conventional stage: conform to rules from authority to maintain social order; 3) postconventional stage: conform to self-generated beliefs on larger world values; |
|
|
What did Albert Bandura believe about moral behavior?
|
Moral behavior is strongly influenced by situational factors;
|
|
|
What is moral disengagement?
|
Avoiding condemnng ourselves when we engage in immoral behavior;
|
|
|
What is the reseach regarding fairness illustrate?
|
Children with three choices: consensus, majority rules and authority figures; judgements on fairness are context-specific; older children are capable of metacognition;
|
|
|
What is Ken Dodge's information processing model?
|
The skills involved in carrying out steps of social information processing improve with age;
|
|
|
What does Dodge's information processing model relate to?
|
Anti-social behavior in adolescents;
|
|
|
According to Elliot Turiel, what are the two kinds of rules in daily life?
|
Moral rules (standards that focus on welfare and basic rights), and social-conventional rules (standards that are determined by social consensus);
|
|
|
According to Hoffman, what helps to nurture morality?
|
Induction: explaining why a behavior is wrong and how it affects others;
|
|
|
In the adolescent years, what occurs in terms of moral development?
|
The adolescent is increasingly motivated to behave morally;
|
|
|
What is the biopsychosocial model?
|
Proposed by Dodge and Pettit; moral development comes from the interaction between biology, psychology and social experiences;
|
|
|
What are two most important factors in the adult moral development?
|
Cognitive growth and social experiences;
|
|
|
What increases in influence with age?
|
Spirituality;
|
|
|
What is important to note about postconventional stage of Kohlberg's ideas?
|
That not all adults reach this stage successfully;
|
|
|
What is theory of mind?
|
An appreciation for the link between mental states and behavior; used to predict and explain human behavior;
|
|
|
What is folk psychology?
|
Everyday theories that we hold about the world; you will assume someone voluntarily does something unless you hear from them otherwise;
|
|
|
Why is eye-gaze important?
|
It can relate to joint understanding later on in the development of social cognition;
|
|
|
What are the first steps to the development of the theory of mind?
|
Joint attention; pretend play (difference between pretense and reality); imitation (ability to mentally represent their actions and the possibility of goals or intentions behind them);
|
|
|
What does the eye gaze tell us?
|
About intentions and desires;
"What does Charlie want?" two to three years old can tell that Charlie wants what he is looking at; |
|
|
What does representational understanding signify?
|
The mind and the world are separate;
|
|
|
When do theories of mind first take shape?
|
Two years of age;
|
|
|
When did Wellman think that desire theory of mind develops?
|
Children realize that at two and three years of age, people may have different desires to other people;
|
|
|
What is the false belief task?
|
It assesses the understanding that people can hold incorrect beliefs, which can influence behavior/
|
|
|
At what age do children tend to pass the false belief task?
|
At age 4;
|
|
|
What were the findings from the broccoli and goldfish experiment?
|
18 months old can override their own ideas to give broccoli, but 14 month olds think that if "I like Golfish, you like it too"
|
|
|
What is belief-desire theory of mind?
|
The integrated knowledge of beliefs and desires; can understand people's desires to guide their behavior;
|
|
|
What did the unexpected contents/representational change task reveal?
|
3 yo report that they initially thought there was pencils; 5 yo will say they intially thought smarties;
|
|
|
What is important to know from the false-belief tasks and other social cognition tasks?
|
Three year olds fail the tasks, but five year olds are generally sucessful.
|
|
|
What are the two different "camps" in relation to social cognition?
|
The Boosters and the Scoffers;
|
|
|
Why do the Boosters think that 3 year olds fail the social cognition tasks?
|
They believe it is a performance problem;
1) linguistic demands; 2) executive function demands - can't inhibit irrelvant information; being told visually, use of trickery or memory problems do little to help; |
|
|
What is the viewpoint of the Scoffers in relation to social cognition tasks?
|
The children can't complete the tasks at 3 yo becuase of conceptual deficits;
|
|
|
What helps the Scoffers?
|
1) motive
2) active participation 3) presence |
|
|
What does the Scoffers' viewpoint reveal?
|
That young chidren can't deal with dual temporal representations;
|
|
|
What is the curse of knowledge?
|
How do you know what you know (source monitoring) is cruical, so you are able to inhibit knowledge;
|
