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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Event related brain potentials
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reflections of brain electrical activity through head--electrode path (like brain fingerprinting)
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P300
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positive electrical response
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Guilty knowledge test
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only criminal has certain memories from crime..like getaway car was a chevy..guilty knowledge activates P300
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category
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a class of things that seem to belong together
E.g., furniture, writing implements, rappers, plants … in the real world |
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concept
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an abstract idea that denotes all of the objects in a given category and the properties of those objects
A mental representation of a category E.g., our concept of “fast food” might include burgers, fries, pizza, cheap, unhealthy, etc … mental representation and properties |
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classical view defining properties
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Bachelor = unmarried adult male
Dog = mammal, four legs, barks, wags tail |
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probabilistic view of characteristic properties
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Something belongs to a category if it is similar to members of that category
Some members have more characteristic properties than others. Category boundaries are fuzzy Fuzzy sets |
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Typicality: sentence variation
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A robin is a bird.
A chicken is a bird. Will respond more quickly if typical member of category |
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Typicality: Hedges
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A whale is technically a mammal.
A cow is technically a mammal. Which one more likely to hear? |
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Exemplar
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a stored example in memory
categorize new things based on similarity to stored exemplars Look at all dogs and compare |
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Prototype
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a best or ideal example
categorize based on similarity to prototype Look at best, average example of dog |
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Metric axiom hypothesis
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People actually represent the similarity of concepts in this geometric fashion: a kind of “cognitive map” of concepts arranged by similarity
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Geometric representation
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Similarity rating task results can be summarized mathematically using a geometric representation, with concepts arranged in space according to their similarity
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Minimality of metric axioms
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The distance between two identical items should be zero. The similarity of any two identical items should be equal and high.
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Problem of minimality of metrix axioms
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Minimality may be violated because not all identical objects seem equally similar:
Complex objects that are identical (e.g., two twins) can seem more similar to each other than simple identical objects (e.g., two squares). |
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Symmetry and metric axioms
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The similarity between two concepts must be the same regardless of the order.
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Problem of symmetry and metric axioms
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unfamiliar item can seem more similar to familiar item than the other way around:
How similar is a plum to an apple? How similar is an apple to a plum? |
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Problem of triangle inequality of metric axioms
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Jamaica is similar to Cuba
Cuba is similar to North Korea But Jamaica and North Korea are not similar |
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Triangle inequality of metric axioms
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If one concept is similar to a second concept, and the second concept is similar to the third concept, then the first and the third must also be reasonably similar.
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Tversky's contrast model
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Similarity of L and O =
(features that L and O have in common) minus (features of L that O doesn’t have) minus (features of O that L doesn’t have) |
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More about Tversky's contrast model
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L is the instance you need to categorize O is an example from the category.
Similarity (L,O) = a*f(shared) - b*f(L but not O) - c*f(O but not L) a, b, and c are weights f is a function |
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Tversky explanation of minimality
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complex or familiar things have more features, so the a(shared) part of the equation will be higher (when you compare a concept to itself).
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Tversky explanation of symmetry
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(b) and (c) weights can be different, so the order of the comparison makes a difference when one is more familiar (with more distinctive features) than the other.
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Tversky explanation of triangle inequality
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two concepts can be similar to a third for different reasons, but have little in common themselves.
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