Psych 240 - Chapter 7

Front 1

cortisol

Back 1

The primary stress hormone; fluctuations in the body's cortisol level affect human emotion.

Front 2

self-awareness

Back 2

A person's realization that he or she is a distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people.

Front 3

separation anxiety

Back 3

An infant's distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; most obvious between 9 and 14 months.

Front 4

social smile

Back 4

A smile evoked by a human face, normally first evident in infants about 6 weeks after birth.

Front 5

stranger wariness

Back 5

An infant's expression of concern--a quiet stare while clinging to a familiar person, or a look of fear--when a stranger appears.

Front 6

temperament

Back 6

Inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regulation. It is measured by the person's typical responses to the environment.

Front 7

attachment

Back 7

According to Ainsworth, "an affectional tie" that an infant forms with a caregiver--a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time.

Front 8

disorganized attachment

Back 8

A type of attachment that is marked by an infant's inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and return.

Front 9

insecure-avoidant attachment

Back 9

A pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return.

Front 10

insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment

Back 10

A pattern of attachment in which an infant's anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when the infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion.

Front 11

secure attachment

Back 11

A relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver.

Front 12

social referencing

Back 12

Seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambiguous object or event by observing someone else's expressions and reactions. That other person becomes a social reference.

Front 13

still-face technique

Back 13

An experimental practice in which an adult keeps his or her face unmoving and expressionless in face-to-face interaction with an infant.

Front 14

strange situation

Back 14

A laboratory procedure for measuring attachment by evoking infants' reactions to the stress of various adults' comings and goings in an unfamiliar playroom.

Front 15

synchrony

Back 15

A coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant.

Front 16

allocare

Back 16

The care of children by people other than their biological parents.

Front 17

autonomy versus shame and doubt

Back 17

Erikson's second crisis of psychosocial development. Toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their actions and their bodies.

Front 18

distal parenting

Back 18

Caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from the baby, providing toys, food, and face-to-face communication with minimal holding and touching.

Front 19

proximal parenting

Back 19

Caregiving practices that involve being physically close to the baby, with frequent holding and touching.

Front 20

social learning

Back 20

The acquisition of behavior patterns by observing the behavior of others.

Front 21

trust versus mistrust

Back 21

Erikson's first crisis of psychosocial development. Infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs (for food, comfort, attention, and so on) are met.

Front 22

working model

Back 22

In cognitive theory, a set of assumptions that the individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences. For example, a person might assume that other people are trustworthy and be surprised by an incident in which this working model of human behavior is erroneous.