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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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classification |
The logical principle that things can be organized into groups (or categories or classes) according to some characteristic they have in common. |
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concrete operational thought |
Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions. |
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control processes |
Mechanisms (including selective attention, metacognition, and emotional regulation) that combine memory, processing speed, and knowledge to regulate the analysis flow of information within the information-processing system. (Also called executive processes.) |
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knowledge base |
A body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area. |
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long-term memory |
The component of the information-processing system in which virtually limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinitely. |
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metacognition |
"Thinking about thinking," or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task in order to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task. |
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sensory memory |
The component of the information-processing system in which incoming stimulus information is stored for a split second to allow it to be processed. (Also called the sensory register.) |
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seriation |
The concept that things can be arranged in a logical series, such as the number sequence or the alphabet. |
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working memory |
The component of the information-processing system in which current conscious mental activity occurs. (Formerly called short-term memory.) |
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ELLs (English Language Learners) |
Children in the United States whose proficiency in English is low--usually below a cutoff score on an oral or written test. Many children who primarily speak a non-English language at home are also capable in English; they are not ELLs. |
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bilingual schooling |
A strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learner's original language and the second (majority) language. |
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charter school |
A public school with its own set of standards that is funded and licensed by the state or local district in which it is located. |
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ESL (English as a Second Language) |
A U.S. approach to teaching English that gathers all the non-English speakers together and provides intense instruction in English. Their first language is never used; the goal is to prepare them for regular classes in English. |
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hidden curriculum |
The unofficial, unstated, or implicit rules and priorities that influence the academic curriculum and every other aspect of learning in a school. |
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home schooling |
Education in which children are taught at home, usually by their parents. |
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immersion |
A strategy in which instruction in all school subjects occurs in the second (usually the majority) language that a child is learning. |
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National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) |
An ongoing and nationally representative measure of U.S. children's achievement in reading, mathematics, and other subjects over time; nicknamed "the Nation's Report Card." |
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No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act |
A U.S. law enacted in 2001 that was intended to increase accountability in education by requiring states to qualify for federal educational funding by administering standardized tests to measure school achievement. |
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private school |
A school funded by tuition charges, endowments, and often religious or other non-profit sponsors. |
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Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) |
Inaugurated in 2001, a planned five-year cycle of international trend studies in the reading ability of fourth-graders. |
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Trends in Math and Science Study (TIMSS) |
An international assessment of the math and science skills of fourth- and eighth-graders. Although the TIMSS is very useful, different countries' scores are not always comparable because sample selection, test administration, and content validity are hard to keep uniform. |
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voucher |
Public subsidy for tuition payment at a nonpublic school. Vouchers vary a great deal from place to place, not only in amount and availability but also in restrictions as to who gets them and what schools accept them. |
