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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why is your brain lying to you? w example |
-what is expected and what is not -what is thrown away -expectations and reality are both at play
Example: pickpocketing. expectation to the area that is being touched vs The other side that is being robbed
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Daniel Wolbrent TedTalk |
Take Home: -brain plans and executes -need brain because we move |
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What is a large component of the planning phase of movement? |
predictions ex: milk carton |
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BCI - Brain Computer Interface |
translate mental activity into movement -employs electrical signals from brain to direct computer controlled devices |
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CBI - computer brain interface |
employ electrical signals from computer to direct brain |
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What are the major components of the motor system? |
Forebrain: planning and initiating
Cerebrum: conscious control of movement
Brain stem and spinal cord: automatic movements |
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In the face of impaired brainstem or spinal-cord function, the forebrain can _______ movements but can ______ produce them |
imagine, not |
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Sequence of steps in organized movement |
1. Visual info required - relayed to somatosensory regions of neocortex 2. motor region of neocortex plans and initiates movement 3. spinal cord carries info to the hand 4. motor neurons carry info to muscles of hand 5. sensory receptors on fingers send message to sensory cortex (cup has been grasped) 6. spinal cord carries sensory info to brain 7. informs motor cortex and basal ganglia judges grasp forces, cerebellum corrects movement errors 6. sensory cortex confirms the action |
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What is the only sense out of touch, taste, hearing and vision that we do not share with others? |
Touch - it is internal, not shared, we have few descriptive words for it |
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Sensory humunkulous is... |
a representation of the cortical real estate -hands, lips, tongue --> very large -ankles, wrists --> small |
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What is movement made up of? |
Planned patterns, i.e Chunking -small bursts of relate movements |
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What is chunking |
it is small bits of related movement |
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How is a motor sequence initiated? |
1. Prefrontal cortex plans complex behaviour sends instructions to the premotor cortex 2. premotor cortex sequences multiple actions 3. primary motor cortex executes actions
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If an individual was no longer able to coordinate a set of tasks in order to complete a goal, what area of the forebrain would likely be damaged? |
Premotor cortex: this area puts multiple actions in a sequence for complex behaviour |
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People who have difficulty shaping their fingers correctly to perform precision grips, likely have damage to what area of the forebrain? |
The Primary Motor Cortex: this area specifies how movement will be carried out. |
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What are of the brain controls species-typical behaviours? |
brainstem: actions displayed by every member of a species - pecking of robin, hissing of cat...etc. |
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Locked in syndrome |
when an individual is aware and awake but cannot move or communicate verbally due to complete paralysis of nearly all voluntary muscles except the eyes. |
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"Grooming Sequence" illustrates how... |
complex patterns of action are coordinated by brainstem |
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An important brainstem function is to produce complex patterns of adaptive behaviour including: |
-eating, drinking and sexual behaviour -grooming sequence -maintaining posture, standing upright, -coordinating movement of limbs, swimming and walking
*simpler circuits |
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Damage of the brainstem can result in |
Locked-in syndrome |
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What did the experiment of continued stimulation of the rooster demonstrate? |
stimulation of brainstem sites produce behaviour that depends on context -suggests important function of brainstem is to produce appropriate species-typical behaviour |
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Movement planning is relative to the _____ we have |
goals |
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Our physical response time is limited by our _______ restraints |
-physiological -i.e axon, to axon, to axon speed |
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Movement control is.... |
-HIERARCHY: generated using multiple systems in the motor hierarchy (forebrain, brainstem, spinal cord) -TANDEM: used in tandem -GOALS: programmed around planned (prefrontal) control -CHUNKED
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What is the basic flow of movement from the brain? |
1. motor cortex: preF, preM, primM 2. Corticospinal tract 3. spinal neurons 4. muscles |
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A humanukulus makes it useful to understand... |
the topographic organization (functional layout) of the primary motor cortex |
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Motor cortex plasticity contributes to: |
-recovery after motor cortex injury -motor learning |
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Eyes in relation to movement: 4 movements of eyes to fixate on areas of interest |
1. Saccade: jump from one point to another 2. smooth pursuit: following moving objects 3. Vergence: closer/further/closer - binocular 4. Vestibular-Ocular: adjust for head movement = produces image right side up |
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Corticospinal Tract: ventral vs. dorsal |
Motor cortex --> brainstem --> spinal cord ventral: motor dorsal: sensory |
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What is the alt name for the corticospinal tract? why? |
Pyramidal Tracts -collection of axons descending into the brainstem create bumps --> "pyramids" |
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Crossover occurs in the cortiospinal tract. What % division occurs? |
This division produces two corticospinal tracts - one crossed, the other uncrossed 90% from opposite side 10% from same side |
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Efference Copy |
. |
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3 divisions of Somatosensory receptors .....FINISH |
1.Nocioception (pain, temp, itch) 2. Hapsis 3. Proprioception (body awareness) |
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Mirror Neurons |
-a neuron that is active while you do something and while you watch it being done |
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What does it mean to say that muscles work in pairs? |
.Extensor and Flexor When flexor is excited (bicep) the extensor (tricep) must be inhibited |
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Skilled movements |
-use dependent -requires excitation of motor cortex -use TMS to disrupt signal ...? -the amount of activity can influence movement - amplitude -the amount of cortical real estate is use dependent (activity is coded for, and takes up cortical real estate) -blurred lines of neuron mapping i.e 2 fingers that are always used together |
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Motor Tract Organization |
-Ventral and Lateral -Ventral: core -Lateral: away from midline of body to the side you are using -Fingers, arms, shoulders, trunk (FAST response) Cortical neurons --> interneurons --> motor neurons |
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What is the main efferent pathway from the motor cortex to the brainstem to the spinal cord? |
the corticospinal tract |
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What is the path of the corticospinal tract? |
1. from motor cortex (and some premotor cortex and sensory cortex) 2. axons descend into brainstem (creating pyramids) 3. cross over --> which produces two corticospinal tracts (ventral=trunk, lateral=sides) 4. dual tracts on each side of brainstem then descend into spinal cord --> forming 2 spinal cord tracts |
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corticospinal to muscles |
1. corticospinal synapes with interneurons and motor neurons 2. interneurons project to motor neurons 3. motor neurons synapse on the muscles that control body movement |
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what is the NT at the motor-neuron-muscle junction called? |
acetylcholine |
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In regards to movement, damage to the cerebellum does not abolish movement but does________ |
disrupt the timing and execution of movement -however, with mirror neurons in mind - might be able to help ppl w damaged cerebellum learn tasks while talking them throught their actions. |
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What do mirror neurons tell us about how we understand the world? |
we understand the world by engaging in it. |
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Actions are corrected in two ways |
1. Basal Ganglia - "online control", error corrections while it is happening fI 2. Cerebellum - "offline control"', error detection |
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How does the basal ganglia help to correct actions? |
-associated with error correction -for errors that are happening while an action is being executed "online control" ex: too much force, too much 'volume' |
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How does the cerebellum calculate the errors in your movement? |
Through two versions of your planned movement: 2) actual movement as recorded by sensory receptors The cerebellum has info about both systems |
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How does the somasensory system impact movement? |
without it, we would be impaired -the soma system tells use what is going on in the enviro and what we are doing. -it allows us to disginguish between what is done to us from what we do (pushed vs lunged to the side yourself) |
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If the basal ganglia was damaged, what types of disorder could occur? |
-number of disorders that can occur -Huntingtons Kora - too much output (milk carton) -hypoconnetick - too little output -tourette's syndrome |
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Error correction vs error detection |
EC: Basal Ganglia - 1) output of force, 2) predicitons "online errors" ED: cerebellum has 1/2 of the motor neurons *Large contribution Smoothes out movement. "Offline errors." Lat and Medial - FAST |
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hyperkinetic vs hypokinetic |
hyper: too much force hypo: to little force (disruption of basal ganglia) |
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What were the takehome messages from "Feedback Video - Ian" |
-no proprioception (where body is in space) -relied on eyes to tell brain what body was doing
Feedback is essential and we are never aware of how this info is coming in ALL THE TIME |
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What are the three somatosensory receptor categories? |
1. Nocioception: irritation: pain, itch and temp -Free nerve endings = slow 2. Hapsis (fine touch/pressure ex vibration) -meissner's, pacinian, ruffini corpuscle = rapid -merkel, hair = slow 3. Proprioception: (body awareness ex: stretch) -muscle, golgi, joint = rapid |
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rapidly adapting receptors vs slowly adapting receptors |
rapidly: respond to beginning and end of a stimulus and produce only breif bursts of APs
Slowly: continue to respond as long as a sensory even is present - |
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to somatosensory pathways to the brain |
1) haptic-proprioceptive (touch and body awareness) = ipsilat 2) nocioceptive (pain, temp, itch) = contralat |
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Motor adaptation requires (2) |
-prediction (copy sent to cerebellum via the inferior olive) -error comparison (online - basial, or offline - cerebellum)
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apraxia vs ataxia vs aphasia |
-disorder of motor planning -a lack of coordinated movements -inability to produce (broca's)/comprehend speech (wernicke's) |
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Broca's vs Wernicke's |
Broca's: produce speech Wernicke's: comprehend |
