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278 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is developmental science?
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A field of study devoted to understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan
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An orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior
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Theory
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What does Continuous mean?
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A process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with
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What does Discontinuous mean?
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a process which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times
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Qualitative changes in thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterize specific periods of development are...
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Stages
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Unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in different paths of change
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Contexts
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Nature-nurture controversary
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Nature- inborn biological givens-- the hereditary information we recieve from our parents at the momen of conception
Nurture- we mean the complex forces of the physical and social world that influence our biological makeup and sychological experiences before and after birth |
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Lifespan perspective
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Four assumptions make up this broader view: (1) lifelong (2) multidimensional and mutlidirectional (3) highly plastic (4) affected by multiple interacting forces
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Age-graded infl uences
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Events that are strongly related to age and therefore fairly predictable in when they occur and how long they last
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History-graded finluences
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These explain why people born around the same time--called a cohort--tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born at other times
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Nonnormative events
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Events that are irregular, they happn to just one person or a few people and do not follow predictable timetable
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Normative Approach
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These measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals, and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development
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Psychoanalytic perspective
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People move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. How they conflicts are resolved determines the person's ability to learn, to get along with others, and to cope with anxiety
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Psychosexual theory
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This emphasizes that how parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development
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Psychosocial theory
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Erikson emphasized that in addition to mediating between id impluses and super-ego demands, the ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and skills at each stage that make the individual an active, contributing memer of society
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Behaviorism
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directly observable events--stimuli and responses--are the appropriates focus of study
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Social learning theory
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The most influential, devised by American psychologist Albert Bandura which emphasizes modeling, also known as imitation or observational learnings, as a powerful sources of development
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cognitive-developmental theory
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Children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world
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Informational processing
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The human mind might also be viewed as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows
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It brings together researchers from psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine to study the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing persons cognitive processing and behavvior patterns
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developmental cognitive neuroscience
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Ethology
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Adaptive, or survival, value of behaviors and it's evolutionary history
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Sensitive Period
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a time that is optimal for certain capacities to emerge and in which the individual is especially responsive to environmental influences. However, it's boundaries are less well-defined than those of a critical period.
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evolutionary development
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Seeks to understand the adaptive value of specieswide cognitive, emotional, and social competencies at those competencies change with age
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Sociocultural theory
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focuses on how culture--the values, beliefs, customs, and skills of a social group is transmitted to the next generation
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Ecological system theory
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views the person as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of surrounding environment
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Microsystems
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The innermost level of environment- consists of activities and interaction patterns in the person's immediate surroundings
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Mesosystem
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Second level of bronfenbrenners model- encompasses connections between microsystems
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exosystem
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conists of social settings that do not contain the developing person but nevertheless affect experiences in immediate settings
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macrosystem
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Consists of cultural vales, laws, customs, and resources
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Chronosystem
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temporal dimension of teh Bronfenbrenner's model. Life changes can be imposed externally or can arise from within the person since individuals shape many of their own settings and experiences
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Naturalistic observation
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One approach is to go into the field, or natural environment, and record the behavior of interest
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Structured observations
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The investigator sets up a laboratory situation that evokes the behavior of interest so that every participant has an equal opportunity to display to th respons
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Clinical Interview
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Researchers use a flexible, conversational style to prove for participant's point of view
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Structured interviews
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Including tests and questionares in which each participant is asked the same set of questions in the same way, eliminate this problem
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Clinical or case study, methos
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Brings together a wide range of information on one person, including interviews, observaions, and sometimes test scores
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Ethnography
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A descriptive, qualitiative technique. But instead of aiming to understand a single individual, it is directed toward understanding a culture or a distinct social group through participant observation
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Correlational Design
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researchers gather information on individuals, generally in natural life circumstances, without altering their experiences
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Correlation coefficient
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a number that describes how two measures, or variables, are associated with each other
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Experimental Design
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Permits inferences about casue an effect because researchers use an evenhanceed procedure to assign people to two or more treatment conditions
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Independent Variable
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The one the investigator expects to cause changes in another variable
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Dependent Variable
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The one the investigator expects to be influences by the independent variabel
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Random Assignment
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Using unbiased procedure such as drawing numbers out of a hte or flipping a coin
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Cohort Effects
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Individuals born in the same time period are influenced by a particular set of historical and cultural conditions
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Correlational
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The investigator obtains information on participants without altering their experiences
Strengths: Permits study of relationships between variables Limitations: Does not permit infferences about cause-and-effect relationships |
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Experimental
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Through random assignment of participants to treatment conditions, the investigator manipulates an independent variable and examines its effect on a dependent variable
Strengths: Permits inferenes about casue-and-effect relationships Limitations: findings may not generalize to the real world |
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Longitudinal
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The investigator studies the same group of participants repeatedly at different ages
Strengths: Permits study of common patterns in development and relationships between early and later beavhiors Limitations: Age-related changes may be disorted becasue of participants dropout, practice, effects, and cohort effects |
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Cross-sectional
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The investigator stiduesi groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time
Strengthts: More efficient than the longitudinal design. Not plagued by such problems as participant dropout and practice effects Limitations: Does not permit study of individual development trends. |
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Sequential
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The investigator conducts several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studiesat varying ages
Strengths: Permits both longitudinal and cross-sectional comparisons. Also reveals cohort effcts Limitations: May have the same problem as longitudinal and cross-sectional strategies, but the design itself helps identify difficulties |
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Phenotype
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Observational characteristic- they depend in part on the individuals genotypes
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Genotypes
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the complex blend of genetic information that determines our species and influences all our unique characteristics
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Chromosomes
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rodlike structures that store and transmit genetic information
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DNA
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Chromosomes are made up of chemical substance deoxyribonucleic acid
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Gene
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A segment of DNA along the length of the chromosome
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Mitosis
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A unique feature of DNA is that it can duplicate itself
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Gamete
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Sex cells-sperm or ovum. Gametes are formed through the cell division process of meiosis
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Meiosis
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Halves the number of chromosomes normally present in body cells
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Zygote
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When sperm and ovum unite at conception
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Autosome
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22 of 23 pairs of chromosome are matching pairs
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Sex chromosomes
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The 23rd pair
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Fraternal or dizygoic twins
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The most commong tyoe of multiple birth, resulting from the release and fertilization of 2 ova
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Identical or monozygotic twins
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When a zygote that has started to duplicate seperates into 2 clusters of cells that develop in two individuals
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Allele
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2 genes- one inherited from both mom and dad
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Homozygous
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If all alleles from both parents are alike than these genes will display the inherited trait.
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Heterozygous
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If the alleles differ then the child is hetero and relationships between the alleles determine the trait that will appear
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Dominat-recessive inheritance
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Occurs when only one allele affects the child's characteristics.
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Carriers
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Heterozygois individuals with jsut one recessive allele(Db) can pass that trait to their children--therefore the are carriers
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Incomplete Dominance
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A pattern of inheritance in which both alleles are expressed, resulting in a combined trait or one that is intermediate between the two
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X-linked Inheritance
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When a harmful allele is carried on the X chromosome, X-linked inheriteance applies. Males are more likeyl to be affected because their sex chromosomes do not match
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Genomic imprinting
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Allelese are imprinted or chemically marked so that one pair member (mom or dad) is actived regardless of makeup
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Mutation
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A sudden change in asegment of DNA
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Polygenic Inhertitance
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Many genes influence the characteristics in question
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Genetic Counseling
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A communications process designed to help understand genetic principles, genetic testing, and prevention of genetic disorders; assess their chances of giving birth to a baby with a hereditary disorder; and choose the best course of action
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Prenatal diagnostic methods
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Medical procedures that permit detection of problems before birth
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Socioeconomic status
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(1) years of education (2) the prestige of one's job and the skill it requires, both of which measures social status (3) income, which measures economic status
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Subculutres
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Groups of people with beliefs and customs that differ from those of the larger culture
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Collectivist societies
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people define themselves as part of a group and stress group goals over individual goals
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Individualistic-societies
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People think of themselves as seperate entities and are largely concerned with their own personal needs
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public policies
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laws and government programs designed to improve current conditions
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Heritability esitmates
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These measure the extent to which individual differences in complex traits in a specific population are due to genetic favors
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Kinship studies
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family members- twins
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Range of Reaction
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each perons unique, genetically determined response to the environment
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Genetic environmental correlation
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Our genes influence the envirnoment to which they are exposed
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Niche-picking
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The tendency to actively choose environments that complement our heredity
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Epigenesis
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Development resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of environment
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Implantation
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Between the 7th and 9th days. The blastocyst burrows deep into the uterine lining
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Amnion
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A membrane that encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid, which helps keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant and provides a cushion against any jolts cause by the woman's movements
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Chorion
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Surrounds the amnion.
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Placenta
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Permits food and oxygen to reach the organism and waste products to be carried away
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Umbilical Cord
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Contains one large vein that delivers blood loaded with nutrients and 2 arteries that remove waste products
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Embryo
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Lasts from implantations through the eighth week of pregnancy. Groundwork for all body structures and organs are laid out
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Neural Tube
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The ectoderm folds over to form the Neural tube which will become the spinal cord and brain
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Fetus
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From the 9th week to the end of the pregnancy. During this growth and finishing pchase the ogranism increases rapidly in size
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Trimesters
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Prenatal development is sometimes divided into trimesters or 3 equal time periods
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vernix
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A white cheesecake like subtance, protects it's skin from chapping durein the long spent bathing in the amniotic fluid
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Lanugo
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White, downy hair- helping vernix to stick to skin
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Age of Viability
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The point at which the fetus can first survive occurs sometime between 22 and 26 weeks
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Teratogen
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Refers to any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period. It depends on the 4 factors- Dose, Hereidity, Other negative influences, and Age.
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Fetal Alcohol specutrm disorder (FASD)
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the physical, mental and behavioral outcomes causes by arental alcohol exposure
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Fetal Alcohol syndrome
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slow physical growth, short eyelid openings, thin upper lip, and a fla philtrum, brain injury
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Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrom(p-FAS)
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Parents drank alcohol in smaller quantities- brain injury, abnormalities
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Rh Factor incompatibility
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When mother is Rh negative (lacks Rh in blood) and father is Rh-positive. The baby may inherit fathers Rh factor
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Apgar Scale
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To assess the newborn's physical condition quickly, doctors, and nurses use this
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Anoxa
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inadequate oxygen supply
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Breech position
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turned so that the buttocks or feet would be delivered first
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Preterm
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infants who are born several weeks before due date
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Small-for-date
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babies are below their expected weight considering length of pregnancy
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Reflex
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an inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation
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States of arousal
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degrees of sleep and wakefulness
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REM
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brain-wave activity is remarkably similar to that of the waking state- eye dart beneath lids, heart rate, blood pressure and breathing are uneven
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Non-REM
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Body is motionless, and heart rate, breathing, and brain-wave activity are slow and even
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Visual Activity
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Newborns cannot focus their eyes well
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Cephalocaudal trend
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head to tail- the head develops more rapidly than lower part of body
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proximodistal trend
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growth proceeds, literally from "hear to far" from the center of the body outward
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Neurons
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nerve cells that store and transmit information
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synapes
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tiny gaps where fibers from different enurons come close together but do not touch
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Neurotransmitters
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Neurons send messages to one another by releasing chemicals called neurotransmitters
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Synaptic pruning
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Neurons that are sledom stimulated soon lose their synapes- that returns so they can support future development
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Myelination
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The coating of neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath called myelin that improves efficiency of message transfer
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Glial cells
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Half of brains body consists of these
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Cerebral Cortex
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Surrounds the rest of the brain, resmbling half of a shelled walnut. The largest most complex brain structure- accounting for 85% of the brain's weight
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Lateralization
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seperation of 2 hemispheres
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Brain plasticity
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A highly plastic cerebral cortex, in which many areas are not yet committed to specific functions, has a high capacity for learning. If a part of the cortex is damaged, other parts can take over tasks it would have handled
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experience-expectant brain growth
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refers to young brain's rapidly developing organization, which depends on ordinary experiences-opportunities to see and touch objects, to hear language and other sounds, and to move about and explore the environment
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experience-dependent brain growth
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consists of addtional growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences that occur throughout our lives, varying widely across individuals and cultures
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Nonorganic failure to thrive
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a growth disorder resulting from lack of parental love, is usually presented by 18 months of age
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Classical conditioning
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Form of learning, a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response
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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
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Must consistently produce a reflexive or undoncitioned respsonse ( UCR)
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Operant conditioning
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infacts act, or operate , on the environment, and stimuli that follow their behavior change the probability that the behavior will occur again is called a reinforcer
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punishment
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Removing a desirable stimulus or presenting unpleasant one to decrease the occurence of a response
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Habituation
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Refers to gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation
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Recovery
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a new stimulus- a change in environment-causes responsiveness to return to a high level
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Mirror neurons
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Special cells in motor rease of the cerebral cortex that underlie capacity
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Dynamic systems theory of motor development
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mastery of motor skills invovled acquiring increasingly complex systems of action
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Statistical learning capactiy
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By analyzing the speech stream for patterns-repeatedly occuring sequences of sounds-they acquire a stock of speech structures for which they will later learn
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Intermodal perception
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We make sense of these running streams of light, sound, tacile, odor, and taste information by perceiving them as wholes
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Differential theory
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infants actively search for invariant features of the environment--those that remain stable
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Sensorimotor stage
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spans the first two years of life. Piaget beliefved that infants and toddlers "think" with their eyes, ears, and hands. They cannnot yet carry out many activities inside their heads
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Schemes
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Specific psychological structures--organized ways of making sense of experience
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Adaptation
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involves building schemes through direct interaction with the environment
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Assimilation
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We use our current schemes to interpret the extreme world
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Accomodation
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we create new schemes or adjust old ones after noticing that our current ways of thinking do not capture the environment completely
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organization
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a process that takes place internally. Once they form new scheme they rearrange them, linking them with other schemes
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Circular reaction
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provides a special means of adapting their first schemes. It involved stumbling into new experiences caused by babys own motor activity
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Intentional or goal-directed behavior
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Coorindationg schemes deliberately to solve simple problems
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object permanence
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the understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight
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Mental representations
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interal depictions of information that the mind can manipulate (1) images (2) concepts
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Deferred imitation
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the ability to remember and copy the behavior of models who are not present
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violation-of-expectation method
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Expose them to an event to farmiliarize them with a situation
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Core knowledge Persepective
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babies born with a set of innate knowledge systems, or core domains of thought. Each of these prewired understandings permits a ready grasp of new, related information therefore supports early, rapid development
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Mental Strategies
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We use these to operate on and transform it, increasing the chances that we will retain information
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Sensory Register
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Where sights and sounds are presented directly and stored briefly
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Central Executive
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directs the flow of information
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Recognititon
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Noticing when a stimulus is dentical or similar to one previously experienced
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Recall
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More challenging becasue it invovles remembering something not present
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Zone of proximal development
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refers to a range of task that the child cannot yet handle alone but can do with the help of more skilled partners
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Intelligence quotient (IQ)
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Indicates the exent to which the raw score (number of items passed( deviates from the typical performance of same-age individuals
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Normal Distribution
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Most scores cluster around the mean or average
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The Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME)
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A checklist for gathering information about the quality of children's home lives through onservation and parental interview
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Developmentally appropriate practive
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Standards devised by the U.S. national association for the Education of Young Children specify program characteristics that serve development and individual needs
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Language acquisition device (LAD)
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An innate system that contains a universal grammaer or set of rules common= to all languages
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Joint Attention
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the child attends to the same onbect or event as the caregiver
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Underextension
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When toddlers learn first lean words, they often apply them too narrowly
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Overextension
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Applying a word to a wider collection of objects and events than is appropriate
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Telegraphic speech
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Two word utterances "go car", "more cookie." Focus on high intent words and omitting the smaller ones
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Referential style
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their vocabularies consisted mainly of words that refer to objects
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Expressive Style
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Compared with refererntial children, they produce many more social formuals and pronouns
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Child-directed speech (CDS)
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a form of communication made up of short sentences with high-pitched, exaggerated expressions, clear pronunciations, distince pauses between speech segments
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Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
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resolved favorably when parents provide young children with suitable guidance and reasonable choices
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Basic Emotions
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happiness, interest, surprise, dear, anger, sadness, and disgust
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Social Smile
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Between 6 and 10 weeks-the parents communication evokes a broad grin
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Stranger Axniety
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Fear of unfarmiliar adults
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Secure base
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They use farimilar caregiver as a secure base
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Social referencing
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actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation
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self-conscious emotions
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guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, and pride
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Emotional self-regulation
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refers to strategies we use to adjust our emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals
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temperament
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early-appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation
Easy child- quickly establishes regular routines difficult child- is irregular with daily routines, slow to accept new experiences slow-to-warm-up child- shows mild, low key reactions to environment stimuli |
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Effortful Control
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the capacity to voluntarily suppress a dominant response in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response
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Inhibted or shy children
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who react negatively to and withdraw from novel stimuli
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unhibited or sociable children
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who display positive emotion and approach novel stimuli
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Goodness-of-fit model
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to describe how temperament and envronment together can produce favorable outcomes.
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Attachment
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Strong affectionate tie we have with special people in our lives that lead use to feel pleasure when we interact with them and to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress
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Ethological theory of attachment
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recognizes the infants emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival, is the most widely accepted view
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Seperation anxiety
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being upset when their trusted caregiver leaves
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Strange Situation
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Assessing attachment for ages 1-2- Mary Ainsworth
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Secure attachment
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Use parents as a secure bass. When seperated they may not cry but if they do it is because the parent is absent and they prefer her to the stranger
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Avoidant attachment
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Infant seems unresponsive to the parent when present, When she leaves they are usually not distressed. They react to the stranger like they do the parent
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Resistant Attachment
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Before seperation, these infants seek closeness to the parent and often fail to explore. They are distressed when parent leaves
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Disorganized/disoriented attachment
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At reunion these infants look confused
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Attachment Q-sort
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Children between 1-4 yrs. The nine catergories
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Sensitive caregiving
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responding promptly, consistently, and appropriately to infants and holdind them tenderly and carefully
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Empthay
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Ability to understand another's emotional state and feel with that person, or respond emotionally in a similar way
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Catergorical self
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they classify themselves on an age basis- boy, girl, man, baby, strong, big
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Compliance
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They show clear awareness of caregivers' wishes and expectations and can obey simple requests and commands
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delay of gratification
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waiting for an appropriate time and place to engage in a tempting act
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Dominant Cerebral hemisphere
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Handedness reflects the greater capacity of one side of the brain--the individuals dominant cerebral hemisphere--to carry out skilled motor action
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Cerebellum
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a structure that aids in balance and control of the body movement
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Hippocampus
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Inner-brain structure which plays a vital role in memory and in images of space that helps us find our way
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Corpus Callosum
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A large bundle of fibers connecting the 2 hemispheres
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Pituitary gland
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located at the base of the brain, plays a critical role by releasing 2 hormones that induce growth
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Growth Hormone
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Necessary for development of all body tissues except the central nervous system and the genitals
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Thyroid stimulating hormone
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prompts the thyroid gland in the neck to release thyroxine which is necessary for brain development and for GH to have its full impact on body size
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Piagets theory: Preoperational stage
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Spans the year 2 to 7, the most obvious change in an extraordinary increase and representational, or symbolic, activity
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Piagets theory: dual representation
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viewing symbolic object as both an object in its own right and a symbol
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Piaget:Egocentrism
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failure to distinguish the symbolic viewpoints of others from one's own
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piaget: animistic thinking
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the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities, such as thoughts, wishes, feelings, and intentions
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Piaget: Conservation
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refers to the idea that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes
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Piaget: centralization
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They focus on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other important features
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irreversibility
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an ability to mentally go through a series of stpes in a problem and then reverse direction, returning to the starting point
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hierarchial classification
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the organization of objects into classes and subclasses basis of similarities and differences
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Vygostky: private speech
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self-directed speech
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Vygostky: Scaffolding
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adjusting the support offeredd during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance
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Vygotsky: guided participations
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a broader concept than scaffolding. It refers to shared endeavors between more expert and less expert participants, without specifying the precise features communication
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memory strategies
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deliberate mental activities that improve our chances of remembering
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scripts
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general descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation
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metacognition
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thinking about thought
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emergent literacy
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Active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences
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ordinality
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order relationship between quantities
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cardinality
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the last number in a counting sequence indicates the quantity of items in a set
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fast-mapping
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connecting new words with their underlying concerpts after only a breif encounter
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Overregularization
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Sometimes overextending the rules to words that are exceptions
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pragmatics
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children must learn to engage in effective and appropriate communication. The practical, social side of language
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recasts
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restructuring inaccurate speech into correct form
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expansions
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elaborating on children's speech, increasing its complexity
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self-concept
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the set of attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values than an individual believes defines who he or she is
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prosocial
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actions that benefit another person without any expected reward for the self
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parallel play
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when a child plays near other children with similar materials but does not try to influence their behavior
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associative play
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children engage on seperative activities and comment on others behavior
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cooperative play
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children orien toward a common goal such as acting or make believe
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induction
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which an adult helps the child notice feelings by pointing out the effects of the child's misbehvaior on others
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moral imperatives
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protect peoples rights and welfare
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social conventions
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customs determined solely by consensus such as table manners
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matters of personal choice
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which do not violate rights and are up to the individal such as friends
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agression
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In which children act to fufill a need or desire--unemoitionally attack a person to achieve their goal
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reactive agression
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an angry, defensive response to provocation or a block goal and is meant to hurt another person
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Gender typing
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refers to any association of objects, activities, roles or traits with one sec or the otehr in ways that conform to cultural stereoptypes
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androgyny
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scorig high both masculine and feminine personalities
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gender constancy
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full understanding of the biologically based permanence
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gender schema theory
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is an information-processing appraoch to gender typing that combines social learning and cognitive-developmental features
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authoritative child-rearing- style
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the most successful sppraoch- invovles high acceptance and involvement, adaptive control techniques, and appropriate autonomy granting
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authoritarian child-rearing style
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a low in acceptance and involvement, high in coercive control and low in autonomy granting
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psychological control
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behaviors that intrude on and manipulate children's verbal expression, individuality and attachments to parents
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permissive child-rearing style
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warm and accepting but uninvolved. Permissive parents are overindulging or inattentive
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uninvovled child-rearing style
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combines low acceptance and involvemnet with little control and general indifference to issues of autonomy
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friendly chasing and play-fighting
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rough-and-tumble play
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piaget: concrete operational stage
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extends from about 7-11 yrs and marks major turning point in cognitive development
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piaget: reversibility
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the capacity to think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse direction
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piaget: seriation
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the ability to order items along a quantitative dimension, such as length or weight
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piaget: transitive inference
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the concrete operational child can also seriate mentally
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piaget: cognitive maps
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their mental representations of farmiliar large-scale spaces, such as their neighborhood or school
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rehearsal
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repeating the information to herself
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organization
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grouping related items together
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elaboration
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creating a relationshi between or more pieces or information that do not belong to the same catergory
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cognitive self regulation
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the process of continuously monitoring progress toward a goal, checking outcomes, and redirecting unsuccessful efforts
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Whole-language approach
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argues that reading should be taught in a way that parallels natural language learning
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Sternberg: triarchi theory of successful intelligence
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(1) analytical intelligence-information processing (2) creative intelligence-generating useful solutions (3)practical intelligence- adapting to, shaping or selecting envirnoments
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Garnder: theory of multiple intelligence
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defines intelligence in terms of distinct sets of processing operations that permit individuals to engage in a wide range of culturally valued acivities
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Stereotype threat
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fear of being judged on the basis of negative stereotype
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dynamic assessment
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innovation consistent with Vygostky's zone of proximal development,
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social cognitive classroom
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children participate in a wide range of challenging activities with teachers and peers
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cooperative learning
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small groups of classmates work toward common goals
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Educational self-fulfilling prophecies
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children may adopt teachers' positive or negative and start to live up in them
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inclusive classrooms
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students with learning difficulties are placed in regular classrooms for all or part of the school day
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learning disabilities
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great difficulty with one or more aspects of learning, usually reading
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gifted
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displaying exceptional intellectual strengths
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Creativity
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the ability to produce work that is original yet appropraite
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divergent thinking
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the generation of multiple and unusual possibilities when faced with a task or problem
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convergent thinking
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which involved arriving at a single correct answer and is emphasized on intelligence tests
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social comparison
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judgments of one's own appearance, abilities, and behaviors
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mastery-oriented attributions
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crediting their successes to ability- a characteristic they can improve on
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learned helplessness
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attribute their failures, not their successess, to abilty.
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perspective talking
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the capacity to imagine what other people may be thinking and feeling
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popular-prosocial children
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combine academic and social competence
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popular-antisocial children
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includes "tough boys" athletically skilled but poor student who cause trouble and defy adult authority
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corregulation
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a form of supervision in which parents exercise general oversight while letting children take charge of moment-by-moment decision making
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divorce mediation
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a series of meetings between divorcing adults and a trained professional aimed at reducing family conflict
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blended, reconstituted family
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about 60% of divorced parents remarry within a few years. Others cohabit, or share a sexual relationship and a residence with a partner ouside out marriages. Parent, stepparent, and children form a new family structure
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Self-care children
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children who are without adult supervision for some period of time after school
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phobia
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intense, unmanagable fear
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