Psych 211- Control Of Body Movements

Front 1

PMC

Back 1

also called M1, the major input of cortical sensorimotor signals and the major output of sensorimotor signals to the pathways that initiate movement.
it is organized in terms of PARTICULAR MOVEMENTS

Front 2

Supplementary Motor Area (SMA) location and function

Back 2

- located on medial surface of brain
- receives sensory info from parietal and temporal lobes
- involved in learning sequences of movements ie. pushing a lever and turning it
- SMA very involved in basil ganglia and automatic movements as well

Front 3

If cells of the striatum are damaged...
if sub. nigra damaged...

Back 3

caused unwanted movements / twitching
caused involuntary movements (hypokinetic symptoms)

Front 4

Pre- SMA location and function

Back 4

a region rostral to SMA and is thought to be involved in a desire to move if we stimulate these regions, it provokes an urge to make a movement or / anticipate that movement is about to occur

Front 5

Pre-motor cortex location and function

Back 5

-located on lateral surface of brain
- receive sensory info from parietal and temporal lobes
- involved in learning and executing complex movements that are guided by sensory information.
- Humans with premotor damage can make several different movements in response to spatial cues but cannot make a specific movement in response to arbitrary visual, auditory or tactile stimuli.

Front 6

Arbitrary vs non-arbitrary stimulus

Back 6

Arbitrary= the stimulus directing you is not related to the movement. Ie hearing a fire alarm and running, or a light on left telling you to go right
Non- Arbitrary= stimulus directs movement using visual info ie. a light on the right telling you to look right

Front 7

Muscimol

Back 7

a GABA agonist which inhibits neural activity- often used in studies

Front 8

mirror neurons- location, when fire

Back 8

-found in ventral premotor cortex (area F5), rostral part of inferior parietal lobule and the ventral premotor area.

- fire when a monkey performs an action OR when the monkey observes the same action performed by another monkey or human.
- activated also by sounds related to a familiar action

Front 9

Apraxia is caused by...

Back 9

caused by damage to left frontal or parietal lobe

Front 10

4 types of apraxia

Back 10

limb apraxia, oral apraxia, apraxic agraphia, constructional apraxia

Front 11

Limb Apraxia- characterized by what, tested how, caused by what 3 area lesions

Back 11

- characterized by movement of wrong limb, incorrect movement of limb part or correct movement in incorrect sequence

- assessed by asking people to imitate gestures

- they are fine if you give them objects i.e. hand them a key and tell them to open door, but if you tell them to mime opening a door with a key, they cannot

- Can be caused by 3 different lesions: a) in the anterior corpus callosum b) in left frontal lobe in motor cortex and c) in intraparietal sulcus of left parietal lobe

Front 12

Constructional Apraxia- characteristics, caused by lesions to which area

Back 12

- characterized by inability to draw objects/ pictures or assemble objects from elements
- can't perceive and imagine geometrical relationships
- also have problems with navigation and map reading
- caused by lesions to the right parietal lobe

Front 13

Basil Ganglia receives input form

Back 13

entire cerebral cortex especially the PMC, somatosensory cortex and substatia nigra (houses cell bodies of dopamine neurons!)

Front 14

Direct pathway of basil ganglia

Back 14

Cortex sends excitatory (helped out by Glutamate) signal to the striatum. This increases their firing (they fire inhibitory signals). They fire these inhibitory signals (helped out by GABA) to the GPi which inhibits thalamic projection. Since the GPi is inhibited, the thalamus if free to go back and stimulate the cortes which then sends signals to the muscles for movement= movement!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J56CFExkHgE

Front 15

indirect pathway of basil ganglia

Back 15

Cortex sends excitatory signal to the striatum which normally inhibit the GPe. The GPe normally inhibits the subthalamic nucleus, but since it is inibited, there is less inhibition on the subthalamic nucleus and this allows it to send excitatory singals to the GPi. The GPi normally inhibits the thalamus and does so even more now that it is being excited. Thus there is decreased excitatory messages from thalamus to cortex thus the cortex does not stimulate muscles. = movement inhibition!

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TWAKheHlDHs&feature=fvwp

Front 16

Parkinson's - symptoms, treatment, side effects of treatment

Back 16

- symptoms: rigidity, slowness of movement, tremor, postural instability
- treatment: L-dopa which increases amount of dopamine
- side effects: too much dopamine stimulation causes involuntary movements and postures (dyskinesia and dystonia).

Front 17

dyskinesia and dystonia

Back 17

involuntary movements and postures

Front 18

Cause of Parkinson's

Back 18

- caused by an imbalance in the direct and indirect pathways; neurons in sub. nigra which produce dopamine die, causing increased inhibition of striatum which causes excitation of GPi, inhibiting thalamus and reducing force of movements provided to cortex so it is unable to release motor actions
- genetic

Front 19

Huntington's Chorea

Back 19

- genetic
- uncontrollable movements, especially jerky limb movements.
- Caused by degeneration of the striatum which leads to a reduction in the inhibition provided by GABA-secreting neurons of the striatum. This effects the overall activity of the indirect pathway.

- There is no treatment for Huntington’s disease.

Front 20

Flocculus

Back 20

small lobe of cerebellum which projects from the cerebellum's ventral surface (part of flocculonodular lobe)

Front 21

describe the cerebellum, what happens when damaged?

Back 21

- It is highly convoluted with more sulci and gyri than the neocortex, and comprised half of all the neurons of the entire nervous system
- When damaged, it leads to jerky, erratic and uncoordinated movements.

Front 22

A large, disproportionate area of the cortex is devoted to:

Back 22

fingers and muscles used for speech

Front 23

Parietal Reaching Lobe

Back 23

region in medial posterior parietal cortex that plays critical role in control of pointing or reaching with hands

Front 24

Anterior Intraparietal Sulcus (aIPS)

Back 24

for grasping

Front 25

Flocculonoduar lobe

Back 25

caudal end of cerebellum; receives input from vestibular system and projects to vestibular nucleus; involved in postural reflexes

Front 26

Vermis

Back 26

located on midline of cerebellum; receives auditory and visual info from tectum and cutaneous as well as kinesthetic info from spinal cord.

Front 27

pontine nucleus

Back 27

large nucleus on pons that serves as an important source of input to cerebellum

Front 28

Dentate nucleus

Back 28

deep nucleus involved in control of rapid skilled movements

Front 29

reticular formation plays a role in...

Back 29

posture control, specific movements

Front 30

Mesencephalic locomotor region

Back 30

ventral to inferior colliculus; causes cat to make pacing movements

Front 31

oral apraxia; apraxic agraphia

Back 31

problems with muscles used for speech; problems with writing

Front 32

medial lemiscus

Back 32

A band of axons located along the midbrain that sends sensory information to the primary sensory cortex (S1)

Front 33

Lateral region of cerebellum

Back 33

Execution of timely and accurate skilled movements. like playing the trombone.

Front 34

Executing of movement controlled by

Back 34

SMA and Premotor cortex