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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Textbook
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research methods
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What is Empiricism?
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Knowledge comes from an indiviual's own experience (interactions with their environment)
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What is Naticism?
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Emphasizes the role of biological or genetic factors in determining one's cognitive abilities
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Who are the two philosophers who support Naticism?
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Descartes and Kant
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Who founded the first institute for research in experimental psychology?
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Wilhelm Wundt
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What is structrulism?
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The search for key components or building blocks of the human mind
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What was the primary experimental method used by Wundt and Baldwin?
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introspection
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What is introspection?
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Presenting highly trained observers with various stimuli and asking them to describe their conscious experience
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What is the opposite view of structuralism?
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Functionalism
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What is functionalism?
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Discovring the functions of the mind, who and why it works the way it does, rather than uncover its elemental units.
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How is the method of research different in functionalism than in structuralism?
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Structuralism -> introspection
* the proper setting for experimental psychology is the labratory where the experimental stimuli can be tightly controlled Functionalism -> get out of the laboratory and study the whole organism in real life situation |
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What is the opposite of nativism?
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Empiricism
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Which school of thought recognizes no dividing line between man and brute?
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Behaviourism
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What is behaviorism?
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Scientists should only focus on that which is observable which is over behaviour
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According to which school of thought consciousness was out of scope of scientific study?
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Behaviorism
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Which school of thought has a top-down approach towards psychology?
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Gestalt's
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What school of thought answers the following questions? "What order is imposed in our perceptual processes?"
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Gestalt's
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What school of thought answers the following questions? "What are the rules by which people parse the world into wholes to give us the unified perceptual experience?
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Gestalt's
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What was the central assumption of Gestalt psychology?
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Psychological phenomena could not be reduced to simple elements, but rather analyzed and studied in their entirety
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Who pioneered study of individual differences?
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Sir Francis Galton
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What is mental imagery as a cognitive ability?
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Individuals differ in remarkably in their ability to conjure up mental images of objects in their mind
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Who inspired research in study of the human mind's capacity to generate internal visual representations of objects?
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Sir Francis Galton
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What was the first factor in The Cognitive Revolution?
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During WWI, they needed to find the optimal way to design a machine for humans
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What is the the person-machine system?
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the idea that machinery operated by a person must be designed to interact with the operator's physical and cognitive capacities and limitations
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Who did the major developments of the field of linguistics?
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Noam Chomsky
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_____'s early work showed that Behaviourism could not adequately explain language
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Chomsky
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What was Chomsky's opinion about children's learning of language
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Humans have innate capacity to acquire language and its development is not grounded by the laws of condiioning
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What are the three major factors in the Cognitive Revolution?
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WWII (desgining machines)
Linguistics Neuroscience (localization of brain) Human cumputer metaphor in mind |
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What are cell assemblies?
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Connections among sets of cells in the brain
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What is the Computer Metaphor of the Min?
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development of computer and AI led to comparison of people's cognitive activities to an operating computer
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What do paradigms dictate?
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Assumptions investigators make in studying a phenomena
Experimental methods and measures appropriate for an investigation |
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What is the Information Processing Approach paradigm?
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spawned by the human mind/computer analogy, based on the idea that cognition can be thought of as information flowing through a system which is our mind.
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What are the key assumptions about the Information Processing Approach?
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* people's cognitive abilities can be thought of as "systems" of interrelated capacities
* people are general purpose symbol manipulators |
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Scinetists that were dissatisfied with Information Processing framework came up with _____
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Connectionism
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Another name for Connectionism is ____
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neural networks
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What is connectionism?
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* no central place for, for example, word meanings
* information widely distributed between processing units * units are connected to each other by weights that are modifiable by learning * negative weight -> inhibition |
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What are the major differences between Information Processing and Connectionist approach?
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Information Processing :
Serial Connectionist Parallel |
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What are the major similarities between Information Processing and Connectionist approach?
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both assume that cognition will be best understood by uncovering the basic mechanism or processes underlying cognition
* research must be done in lab |
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What is the evolutionary approach?
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Cognition is based on a system that has evolved over many many generations
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What is the Ecological Approach?
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cognition does not occue in a context free vaccum, rather all cognitive activities are shaped by culture, the context, and the situation under which they occur
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