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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Scientific approach- attitude & method
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o 1. You can never prove a theory or hypothesis
o 2. If Theory → Hypothesis o 3. If Hypothesis → Theory |
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Gathering evidence- steps
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o 1. ID questions of interest
o 2. Gather info and form hype o 3. Test hype with research o 4. Analyze data, draw tentative conclusions, report o 5. Build knowledge- theory, self-correcting |
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Hindsight
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war example (3), Chuck
• always know the answer after the event • “life is lived forwards, but understood backwards” |
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Approach to understanding behavior
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• A. Prediction (1st hypothesis) & conclusion (2nd need control) (independent variable effects the dependant variable)
• B. Theory (want them short and basic)- testable, parsimonious (“most bang for your buck”) |
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Independent Variable
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(Change/Manipulate)
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Dependent variable
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(the affected variable by variable/measure change),
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Self & other reports
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(both reports are best when measuring)- social desirable (not admitting something/truth is wrong when it is), IQ, clinical
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Measures of overt behavior
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(nail biting, shaking, inattention)
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Psychological tests
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personality, IQ, clinical
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Physiological measures
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(measure saliva, heart rate, pupil dilation, blood pressure)
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Ethical Principles in Research
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APA- 1953 & 2002/9
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Beneficence
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(want participants and everyone to benefit, compensation with $ and knowledge),
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Responsibility
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(falls on researcher, no one gets hurt),
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Integrity
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(no lying cheating, stealing, making up results)
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Justice
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(consequences for wrong things)
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Respect
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take care of participants
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Ethical standards in human research
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(tell them about what their going to experience, have the right to leave at anytime)
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Informed consent
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• A. Purpose and procedures, benefits, risks
• B. Right to decline or withdraw w/o penalty • C. Anonymity & confidentiality (cannot connect your name to data) |
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Deception
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benefits > costs, debrief, apologize (benefits HAVE to out weigh the costs)
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Ethical standards in animal research
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(care for animals and care for them, minimize suffering, be humane)
• A. care, suffering, euthanize • B. Benefits |
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Descriptive research-recording events
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Case studies, Naturalistic observation, Survey research,
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Case studies
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(internal validity (independent variable is manipulated and causes reaction with dependant variable))
• a. causation? • B. Generalizability Ecological validity • C. Bias (try and remove them as much as possible) |
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Naturalistic observation
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bullies (everyone wants to be the alpha male)
• a. assertions- verbal & physical (intimidate) • b. Physical aggression • c. Habitation slow down or response to constant stimulation (stub your toe and yell) |
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Survey Research
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• population vs. sample- representativeness (random sampling, every person in population an equal opportunity)
• b. random- sampling vs. assignment statistics work with large numbers, the larger the number the more things tend to work |
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Correlation Research- establish a relationship
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Directions & scatter plots, Causation, Coefficient, Experiment
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Direction & Scatter plot
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(establish a relationship)
o 1. 3 types- direction & scatter plots (big between and small within) • positive • negative • zero (scatter) |
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Causation
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(independent variable effected DV)- 3 factors, 3rd variable
• directionality • relation between IV and DV • control all alternative explanations (random assignment) (internal validity, manipulate IV control DV) |
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Coefficient
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magnitude and direction (+ and – are same -.7=+.7 same magnitude)
o 4. Ex- happiness, temp, caterpillars, ice-cream o 5. Prediction |
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Experiment
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(population=big group/study it, take samples from it (small group) and study it)
o 1. Manipulate (IV) randomly assign (participants to groups) o 2. Variables- IV, DV, extraneous o 3. Groups- experimental & control • experimental group (gets the manipulation, none zero level) • Control group (gets the measure) o 4. Designs- between & within • between, in either one group or the other • within, o 5. Cell phones- use and traffic density → driving |
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Threats to the Validity of research
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• A. Validity- internal and external, construct (2), predictive, content
• B. Confounding variables • C. Placebo effects • D. Experimenter expectancy- double blind • E. Replicating & generalizing • F. Science, psychics, & paranormal |
