Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Computed tomography (CT) scan
|
rotating x-ray of brain at multiple levels computer combines ---> 3D picture poor resolution (v. little detail)
|
|
|
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
|
better resolution than CT put in magnetic field -->hydrogen atoms emit waves.
|
|
|
Positron emission tomography (PET
|
more invasive (inject radioactive glucose (2-DG) into artery
|
|
|
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
|
non-invasive (unlike PET). Images show increase in oxygen flow in blood to active areas of brain (ACTIVE = more blood).
|
|
|
Electroencephalogram (EEG):
|
a measure of the gross electircal activity of the brain.
|
|
|
event related potentials (ERPs)
|
accompanyin gEEG waves are ggnerally refferred to as this.
|
|
|
WADA (sodium amytal test)
|
test for language lateralization
|
|
|
Wisconsin Card Sorting Task
|
est for damage to frontal lobe
|
|
|
Repetition priming
|
memory task - amnesics
|
|
|
Perseveration -
|
can't adapt to changes; symptom of frontal lobe damage.
|
|
|
Gene knockout
|
mouse lacks particular gene that you want to study
|
|
|
Transgenic mice
|
contains new gene (from another species, or extra gene from same species, or genetically altered mouse gene)
|
|
|
Nitric oxide KO, makes mice
|
super - aggressive.
|
|
|
Win shift" Lots of spatial (room) cues
|
rats and mice use these cues to avoid revisiting arms (decide where to go next) - ecologically valid, quickly learned. - all arms baited, must NOT REVISIT arm
|
|
|
Genetic engineering in mice: drawbacks
|
Most behavioral traits are probably polygenic, influence by many interacting genes, not just one
Knocking out 1 probably only helps identify a small genetic contribution to behavior Knocking out one gene influences other genes, so which one is important for behavior Behavior problems in knock outs may depend on the mouse's experience. |
|
|
Anxiolytics (benzodiazepines) enhance
|
GABA-A
|
|
|
Serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitor (SSRIs). (
|
enhance serotonin.
|
|
|
GABA-A gamma squared heterzygous gene deletion
|
produces hyper anxiety (innate fear) in mutant mice.
|
|
|
Genes
|
small alternations in various anxiety-related genes may lead to anxiety disorders
|
|
|
Environmental
|
traumatic events may bring out various disorders, especially phobias.
|
|
|
DSM-IV Criteria for Schizophrenia
|
○ At least 2 of the following for one month:
§ Delusions- hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior, negative symptoms § Marked functional impairment § Continuous signs for 6 months § Not due to drugs (e.g. amphetamine psychosis) |
|
|
Schizophrenia risk
|
increases with genetic similarity.
|
|
|
three environmental factors
|
stress, prenatal trauma and prenatal vrial infectino in baby
|
|
|
what are teh problem with the first neuroleptics,
|
cuased side effects
arksinson's, slow movment, defecit of dopamine tardive sykinesia |
|
|
amphetamine psychosis
|
can induce the symptoms of schizophrenia. and so it aggrvates the exisiting symptoms.
|
|
|
what are teh positve symptoms of SZ
|
excess d2 activity and helped by neuroleptics. BBUT
cases are mostly negative symptoms - which is BRAIN DAMAGE |
|
|
what are teh negative symptoms
|
brain damage
|
|
|
DSM-IV criteria for Major Depression
2 must BE |
1. Depressed mood most of day nearly everyday
2. Loss of interest or pleasure in almost all activities most of day nearly everyday. |
