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53 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
membrane potential
the difference in electrical charge between teh inside and the outside of a cell
microelectrodes
intracellular electrodes less tan one thousandth of a millimeter in diameter
the inside of neuron is how many millivolts
-70
resting potential
;steady membrane potential o f about -70 mv
teh neuron is polarized
when its in its restin gstate, with teh -70 built up across its membrane.
ions
postively and negatively charged particles
ions move down their____-
concentration gradient
electrostatic pressure
any accumulation of charges, positve or negative in one area tends to be dispersed by the repulsion among the like charges in teh cinity adn teh attraction of oppostie charges concentrated elsewhere
there are four kidns of ions what are they
Na+, K+ chloride ions Cl- and variosu negatively charge protein ions A-
random motion
molecules move from areas o f high concentraion to low to distrubte evenly
electrostatic forces
like charges repel opposite chrages attract, to
differentially permeable
ions pass thru membrane at pores selective for each ion
three different membrane potentials
resting potential, post synaptic potentials, and graded post synaptic potentials
post synaptic potentials have two
EPSP excitatory and inhibitory post synatpic potentials
EPSPS
increase likelihood tha tneuron will fire and, depolarizations, becomes more POSTIIVE
IPSP
decrease likelihood neuron will fire, hyperpolarizations, and become more NEGATIVE
axon hillock
the ocnical structure at the junction between teh cell body adn teh axon
threshold of excitataiton
usually about -65 mv and action potential is generated near teh axon hillock.
the action potential
massive momentary lasting for one millisecond reversal lf te membrane potential from about -70 to 50 mv.
all or none responses
they eithe roccur to their full exten or do not occur at all
graded responses
this means that the IPSP AND EPSP are proportional to the intesnity of thes inals
voltage activated ion channels
ion channels that open or close in response to changes in the level of the membrane potential
nondecremental
action potentials do not grow weaker as they travel along teh axonal membrane.
nodes of ranvier
the gaps between adjacent myelin segments.
saltatory conduction
the transmission of action potentials in myelinated axons.
peptides
amino acid chains that are composed of 10 or fewer amino acids; in effect they are short proteins.
synaptic vesicles
small molecule neurotransmitters are typically synthesized in teh cytoplasm of the terminal button and packaged in these synaptic vesicles
exocytosis
the process of neurotransmitter release
receptors
each receptor is a protein that contains binding sites for only particular neurotransmitters; thus a neurotransmitter can influence only those cells that have receptors for it.
ligand
any molecule that binds to another
ionotropic receptors
receptors that are associated with ligand-activated ion channels
metabotropic receptors
receptors that are associated with signal proteins and G proteins
second messenger
a chemical synthesized in a neuron in response to the bindin of a neurotransmitter to a metabotropic receptor in its cell membrane.
autoreceptors
metabotropic receptors that have two unconventional characteristics.
reuptake
the drawin gback in to the terminal button of a neurotransmitter molecules after their release into the synapse; the more common of the tw mechanisms for deactivating a released neurotransmitter
enzymatic degradation
the breakdown of chemicals by enzymes- one of the two mechanisms for deactivating released neurotransmitters.
enzymes
proteins that stimulate or inhibit biochemicalreactions without being affected by them
acetylcholine
one of teh few neurotransmitters for which enzymatic degradation is the main mechanism of synaptic deacivation
acetylcholinesterase
breaks the Acetylcholine
gap junction
are narrow spaces between adjacent neurons that are bridged by fine tubular channels that contain cytoplasm.
amino acids
the molecular buildin blocks of proteins
teh four most widely acknowledged amino acid neurotransmitters
glutamate, aspartate, glycine, adn gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
monoamines
another class of small molecule neurotransmitters.
four monamine neurotransmitters
dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.
neuropeptides
peptides that play a role in neurotransmission
agonists
drugs that facilitate teh effects of a particular neurotransmitter
antagonists
drugs that inhibit the effects of a particular neurotransmitter
receptor blockers
antagonistic drugs bind to postsynaptic receptors without activating them and, in so doing, block the access of the usual neurotransmitter
cocaine
is a potent catecholamine agonist that is highly addictive.
atropine
active ingredient of belladonna.
curare
an extract of a certain class of woody vines
neuromuscular junctions
the synapses of a motor neuron on a muscle
botox
a neurotoxin released by a bacterium often found in spoiled food. is a nicotinic antagonist.