Psych 2 Exam #2

Front 1

Medulla

Back 1

Hindbrain- controls vial bodily functions such as breathing & heart rate. extension of the spinal cord center for vital processes (breathing & heart rate) if you destroy it you can die (drugs like barbiturates, alcohol, oxycotton, heroin, etc.) people may be able to build up a tolerance to the drugs

Front 2

Cerebellum

Back 2

Hindbrain- body balance, coordinate movement

Front 3

Thalamus

Back 3

Forebrain- sensory relay station

Front 4

Inferior Colliculi

Back 4

Midbrain- auditory reflexes

Front 5

Hypothalamus

Back 5

Forebrain- Regulates bodily processes such as hunger, thirst, sexual behavior and temperature. 4 F's
-“Prader willi” disease- they have insatiable appetites – this is a problem w/ the hypothalamus

Front 6

Corpus Callosum

Back 6

Forebrain- commissure connecting two hemispheres of the brain.
Sometimes cut in order to control seizures. usually cut in split brain patients

Front 7

Reticular Formation

Back 7

Hindbrain- alerting structure

Front 8

Superior Colliculi

Back 8

Midbrain- visual reflexes

Front 9

Gyri (Gyrus)

Back 9

Ridges or bumps

Front 10

Sulci (fissures)

Back 10

Grooves or fissures

Front 11

Parietal Lobe

Back 11

Somatosensory cortex

Front 12

Occipital Lobe

Back 12

Visual cortex

Front 13

Frontal Lobe

Back 13

Broca's Area & Motor Cortex area

Front 14

Temporal Lobe

Back 14

Wernicke's Area & Auditory Cortex

Front 15

Two Structures involved in Parkenson's

Back 15

Basil Ganglia & Substantia Nigra

Front 16

Receptive aphasia, where people have difficulty understanding others & produce utterances with no meaning is caused by damage to:

Back 16

Wernicke's area in the Temporal lobe

Front 17

Expressive aphasia, where a person understands what is said to them but has a hard time expressing themselves is caused by damage to:

Back 17

Broca's area in the Frontal Lobe

Front 18

Language is in which Hemisphere?

Back 18

Left

Front 19

Loss of memory for events occurring after the amnesia inducing brain surgery has:

Back 19

Anterograde amnesia

Front 20

Loss of memory for events occurring before the amnesia inducing brain surgery has:

Back 20

Retrograde amnesia

Front 21

Phantom Limb pain & Unilateral neglect syndrome occur from the ----- lobe

Back 21

Parietal

Front 22

Korsakoff’s

Back 22

“wet brain” disorder damage brain from years of alcoholism & vitamin B deficiency. If caught early it can be reversed with high doses of vitamin B. These people have motor disturbances. They have confabulation- they make up stories, elaborate. Damages of the cerebellum. They experience two types of amnesia (memory loss)

Front 23

Topographical representation

Back 23

the cortical areas (cerebral cortex) are systematically arranged consistent with the body parts that they control

Front 24

Concordance rate:

Back 24

given one person has the trait, what is the probability that another will have it

Front 25

Chromosome:

Back 25

Much larger than a DNA- has a larger affect if missing or broken. 23 pairs of chromosomes 22 are autosomes - 1 sex chromosome Female is XX Male is XY.

Front 26

Homozygous:

Back 26

If you get the same gene from mom and dad

Front 27

Heterozygous:

Back 27

2 Different genes

Front 28

Dominant-

Back 28

Gene that gets expressed if present

Front 29

Recessive-

Back 29

the Gene that gets Masked if present with the dominant

Front 30

Genotype-

Back 30

actual genetic makeup/constitution

Front 31

Phenotype-

Back 31

Outward expression (what you see) of the gene

Front 32

Autosomal Recessive:

Back 32

they don’t have the disease but they carry the gene (homozygous Recessive) 2 bad genes to have the disorder. Both parents must be carriers to pass it on- 25 percent chance to pass it on.
Sickle cell anemia, PKU, tay’sachs

Front 33

Autosomal dominant:

Back 33

1 bad gene have disorders like Huntington’s – 50 percent chance of passing it to kids. : Parkinsons if one parent has is there is a 50 percent chance the baby will get it. Huntington’s chorea: movement disorder, unusual movements, personality changes, dementia, late onset

Front 34

Sex-linked disorders

Back 34

X linked from the male
Hairy pinna trait passed from dad (hairy outer ear), color blindness (recessive gene)- males more likely to get disorder, blame mom
DHT (dihydrotestosterone) develops external genitalia involved in male pattern baldness

Front 35

Abnormal # of autosomes

Back 35

Down syndrome & Trisomy 21 (many aren’t viable and are miscarried)

Front 36

Abnormal # of sex chromosomes:

Back 36

Turner’s syndrome female (only 1 X) Klinefelters male with extra X (XXY) - Super male (XYY) - YO is not viable – Super female (XXX)

Front 37

Amniocentesis:

Back 37

the baby develops in the amniotic sac. They put a needle into the sac and get the babies cells and test them.

Front 38

Karyotype

Back 38

Picture of the Chromosomes

Front 39

CVS (chronic villus sampling)

Back 39

take cells from the vagina early in pregnancy. 1 in 200 tested can cause miscarriage.

Front 40

PKU

Back 40

Autosomal recessive: PKU (phenaylketonuria) 25 % if both parents are carriers. This is a metabolic disorder. They can’t metabolize phenylalanine into tyrosine to make protein. If not treated they will have severe mental retardation. Mandatory blood test at birth. Treatment is a special diet. No aspartame.

Front 41

down syndrome (trisomy 21)

Back 41

Abnormal number of autosomes: down syndrome (trisomy 21) the person has an extra 21st chromosome. It is not hereditary. The cause is due to “non disjunction” where the chromosomes don’t separate so the woman gives 2 of her 21st chromosome. More common in older women. The eggs get older and get exposed to radiation throughout the years. Test: amniosentises. Physical test is the certain look. In the organs have congenital defects. They have a much higher probability of getting Alzheimer’s and they get it at a younger age. Usually have pleasant personalities and mental retardation.

Front 42

Turners Syndrome

Back 42

Abnormal number of sex chromosomes: Turners: female genotype is (XO) symptoms are phenotype. The ovaries aren’t well developed so they can’t have children sterile. They have problems with hormones. Secondary sex characteristics, small breasts and hips. They are short and stalky. See extra skin on their neck. IQ, verbal is ok, visual spatial is poor.

Front 43

Klinefelters Syndrome

Back 43

male with extra x’es XXY or xxxy sterile, effeminate. Can be mental retardation depending on how many extra x’es

Front 44

Super Male or Female

Back 44

Super male xyy
super female xxx

Front 45

Microsleeps:

Back 45

brainwaves go to sleep “zoning out” kind of like falling asleep at the wheel.

Front 46

Circadian rhythms:

Back 46

biological clocks. Around 24 hours. Possible upsets to the circadian rhythms are: jetlag, working the night shift (down points are 1-4pm & 2-3am, stress or disorders, weekends, daylight savings

Front 47

Paradoxical sleep:

Back 47

when you’re in REM your brainwaves look like light sleep but rem is a deep sleep.

Front 48

Myoclonic twitch:

Back 48

before you fall asleep you feel you are falling

Front 49

Night terrors

Back 49

are in non-REM – screaming while sleeping- more common in children- not nightmares & nothing is going through their mind- they don’t remember the next day usually- outgrow them- same stage as sleepwalking-

Front 50

REM rebound

Back 50

When you don't get enough sleep one night you get extra rem the next night

Front 51

Narcolepsy

Back 51

a. Sleep attacks excessive daily sleepiness
b. Emotions can cause sleep attacks
c. Cataplexy- temporary loss of muscle tone
d. Sleep paralysis
e. Hynagogic hallucinations
f. Go straight into rem

Front 52

Sleep apnea-

Back 52

stop breathing normally
a. Normally in older men
b. Normally in overweight
c. Stop breathing hundreds of times per night
d. Breathing passages
e. Able to use a cpap (mask) as a solution to apnea
f. Sads – sudden adult death syndrome

Front 53

Wada Test:

Back 53

you inject a barbiturate (sodium amytal) into the carotid arteries. It temporarily inactivates that side of the hemisphere: ie: injected into left side and speech would be affected.

Front 54

Somatosensory cortex:

Back 54

skin sensation giving feedback: IE: grab a soda that is not full, you grab it too hard because you think it weighs more. Somatosensory tells you it is not that heavy and you don’t need as much force.

Front 55

3 characteristics of the motor cortex

Back 55

(c) Motor cortex:
(i) Contralateral control (each hemisphere controls opposite side)
(ii) Topographical representation(the cortical areas (cerebral cortex) are systematically arranged consistent with the body parts that they control)
(iii) Amount of cortical area assigned to a body part – the complexity of movement. Example: homunculus “little man” demonstrates the amount of cortical area assigned to a body part

Front 56

Right hemisphere

Back 56

has visual and spatial abilities. (Like shapes) emotional content of the speech is also in the right. If it is damaged people don’t know when others use sarcasm.

Front 57

Left hemisphere

Back 57

Contains language. If the person is looking straight ahead. If you flash the word (picture of something) in the left hemisphere they can tell you what it is in words. If the que is flashed to the right hemisphere & they cannot say what it is in words.

Front 58

Hippocampus

Back 58

Important to learning and memory (HM had both sides removed and his iq was fine afterward but he couldn’t transfer memories from short term to long-term. He kept his procedural memory like golfing)

Front 59

Amygdale

Back 59

In Limbic system of Forebrain. involved in emotions – capgras syndrome (they think that people are imposters)
The doctor argues that the pathways to the visual centers were damaged.

Front 60

Basal Ganglia

Back 60

Forebrain- Fine coordinated movement
-Parkinson’s
-Huntington’s disease/chorea
- OCD

Front 61

Substantia nigra

Back 61

MIDBRAIN- black substance (Parkinson’s is a disorder where degeneration between Substantia and mid bran (basal ganglia) occurs. L Dopa is a precursor. ---- Heroin addicts thought they were getting heroine but they were actually getting mtpt which gave them advanced Parkinson’s.

Front 62

Colliculi

Back 62

MIDBRAIN-
*Superior – visual reflexes – tracking (ex following something with yours eyes)

*Inferior – Auditory reflexes – Sound localization (you can tell where a sound is coming from)

Front 63

Reticular Formation-

Back 63

HINDBRAIN- fibers coming UP to the forebrain
* Alerting function (like if you drink so much that you pass out)
*Selective attention (like the cocktail party affect)
*can cause ADD

Front 64

PONS

Back 64

HINDBRAIN-
* fibers coming down
*centers for sleep –
*serotonin tryptophan – cell bodies – fibers coming down (REM Sleep) and inhibit motor neurons causing partial paralysis