Psych 2 - Emotion

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• Theories of Emotion

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• James-Lange theory of Emotion (1884)
Cannon Bard Theory

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• James-Lange theory of Emotion (1884)

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○ Emphasizes physiological determinants of emotion:
§ Emotion-inducing stimuli perceived by brain
□ This triggers visceral changes: autonomic (involuntary) and somatic (voluntary)
□ Which THEN trigger the emotional "experience"
§ Says we distinguish different emotions via their different physiologic pattern.

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Behavior does affect emotion a little bit

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sdf

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○ Evidence for J-L:

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1. Take drugs to calm autonomic NS (lower heart rate, breathing, sweating) before scary situation --have less fear
2. Take drug to boost ANS -- show more fear in scary situation
3. Facial feedback finding: tell people to make face (smiling), does affect mood a little (behavior can effect emotion)

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Facial feedback

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tell people to make face (smiling), does affect mood a little (behavior can effect emotion)

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• Problems with James - Lange Theory?

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atients with spinal cord damage Still experience emotions, but have little peripheral/autonomic feedback.

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§ How to distinguish emotions?

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□ No matter whatever is arousing you, if you're measuring heart rate (physiological response), they all look the same, so how do you distinguish it with emotions.

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• Cannon Bard Theory (early 1900s)

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○ External stimuli affect physiological and emotional responses in parallel *independent, no causal relation)
mplies emotional experience completely independent of NS activity.
○ But NS responses can add to /induce emotional state (racing heart -- fear)
§ So you associate the racing heart with fear. Its possible

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○ Four ways of thinking about emotion inducing stimuli

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ames Lange view - I feel afraid because I tremble
§ Cannon bard theory - the bear makes me tremble and feel afraid
Emotional experience is independent of NS feedback

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A) Hypothalamus:

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Stimulate lateral hypothalamus --> rage
Remove CTX in cats, removes inhibition on hypothalamus. --

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SHAM RAGE

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extreme rage towards non-threatening stimuli (CTX normally inhibits and directs rage response)

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Lesion hypothalamus -

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no rage, tame

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Amygdala:

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role in the memory for the EMOTIONAL significance of experiences

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Kluver - Bucy syndrome

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caused by amygdala/large temporal lobe damage (rare)

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three symptoms to kluver bucy syndrome

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earlessness
□ Indiscriminate hyper sexuality
□ Hyper-orality- mouths over everything

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Urbach-Wiethe disease

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humans with amygdala damage

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Urbach-Wiethe disease:

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are genetic disorder
□ Amygdala calcifies (destroyed)
□ Trouble recognizing facial expressions (esp. fear)
□ Trouble with learned fear responses : they have trouble learning fear.

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Limbic System also known as

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papez's circuit

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major strutures of the limbic system is

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hypothalamus and amygdala.

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• Amygdala activation during recognition of facial expression

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tudies have found that amygdala activation in normal control subjects is maximal when viewing fearful, rather than happy, faces
○ This ability to process fearful expression (and associated activation ) is impaired in subjects with amygdala damage.
§ We can recognize fear in other people.

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• Urbach Wiethe patient drawings.

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HEY CANNOT draw FEAR. ○ Bilateral amygdala damage results in decreased ability to recognize and inability to draw fearful facial expression.
○ But general recognition of faces is normal
○ Patient refused to draw "afraid" at first, because claimed didn’t know what to do.

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• Shapes Video

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KNOW THIS VIDEO jus tin case

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Amygdala stores what

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emotional memories and helps stamp in (modulate) importannt memories stored elsewhere

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○ What is Fear?
dictionary version

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: A feeling of agitation and anxiety caused by the presence of imminence of danger

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fear: darwinian version

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an adaptive emotional state which motivates and organizes defensive responses necessary for survival.

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innate or unlearned fear

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nherited (instinctive) fear (e.g., loud noise, painful stimuli)

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unconditional stimuli (Uss)

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Stimuli that produce innate fear

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conditioned fear?

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Acquired fear, enhances the adaptive value of innate fear.

® Most fear is acquired.

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Conditional stimuli (CSs

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acquire fear by being paired with Uss

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Species that exhibit learned fear have a

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distinct adaptive advantage.

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○ Conditioned Fear

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§ Classical (Pavlovian) fear conditioning:
□ CS is pared with US (red stove-heat)
□ Fear generalizes to CS
□ Environment controls subject

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§ Instrumental (Operant) conditioning:

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§ Instrumental (Operant) conditioning:
□ Response is paired with US (touch-pain)
□ Avoid response because of expected US
□ Subject controls environment
□ Always occur together, but dissociable.

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Amygdala is a key structure

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in fear and anxiety.

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Output

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central nucleus

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Input

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basolateral nuclei.

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Amygdala

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"Almond"

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CS-US associations (Pavlovian fear)
stored where?

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n the basolateral amygdala.

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LTP (long-term potentiation):

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proposed cellular (neural) change underlying learning.