Psych 2 Chapter 6

Front 1

Classical conditioning

Back 1

Pavlov's dogs

Front 2

Learning is most closely associated with

Back 2

behaviorism

Front 3

Acquisition

Back 3

repeatedly presenting CS and US leads to conditioning

Front 4

Second-Order conditioning

Back 4

conditioning a new CS using a previous CS

Front 5

Extinction

Back 5

elimination of CR when US no longer present with CS

e.g. Continue using clicker, and stop giving treats

Front 6

Spontaneous recovery

Back 6

tendency for an extinct CS to recover after a rest period

e.g. bring clicker back out after a while of not using it, and dog will be excited by it again

Front 7

Generalization

Back 7

CR observed even though CS slightly different to original CS

Dog becomes excited both when the doorbell rings and when a doorbell rings on the TV

Front 8

Operant conditioning

Back 8

learning wherein an action's consequences determine the likelihood of it being repeated

Front 9

Operant conditioning

Back 9

learning wherein an action's consequences determine the likelihood of it being repeated

example: thorndike's cat--learns to push a lever to get out of a box

Front 10

Law of effect

Back 10

Positivity or negativity of an action's outcome determines the likelihood of the action being repeated

Front 11

Operant behavior (which impacts the environment) can be reinforced or punished

Back 11

reinforcement--increases likelihood of behavior

punishment--decreases likelihood of behavior

positive--giving something that wasn't being experienced before

negative--taking away something that you had before

Front 12

Levels of reinforcers

Back 12

Primary reinforcer--satisfies a biological need (food, water, shelter, love)

Secondary reinforcer--conditioned to be associated with a primary reinforcer (money, grades)

Front 13

Premack principle

Back 13

preferred activities are better reinforcers

Front 14

Overjustification effect

Back 14

It's possible to ruin people's intrinsic motivation if you reward them for something and then take the reward away

i.e. if you take a course you like and then start getting paid for it, you may not like the course anymore if that reward is taken away

Front 15

Extinction of operant conditioning may occur, depending on the reinforcement schedule:

Back 15

1. fixed interval schedule: interval of rewards is fixed, regardless of how may times the behavior is exhibited (can be learned, and so animal may engage in behavior only when a treat is coming soon)

2. Variable interval schedule: Vary time between rewards

3. Fixed ratio schedule: example: every fifth time you do something right, you get a reward

4. Variable ratio schedule (most effective)

Front 16

Intermittent reinforcement effect/Superstition

Back 16

Incorrect association of actions with outcomes. E.g. using a lucky pencil because you once did well on a test while using it

Front 17

Latent learning

Back 17

learning that isn't translated into behavior until later

Front 18

Shaping

Back 18

Giving allistair a treat when he touches his nose to a pall--teach him to play soccer