Psych 2

Front 1

openness to experience

Back 1

imaginative or down to earth
variety or routine
independent or conforming

Front 2

extraversion

Back 2

social or retiring
fun loving or sober
affectionate or reserved

Front 3

psychodynamic approach to personality

Back 3

personality formed by needs, strives, desires, largely operating outside of awareness

Front 4

id

Back 4

part of the mind that contains drives present at birth
source of bodily needs, wants, desires, impulses, mostly sexual

Front 5

conscientiousness

Back 5

organized or disorganized
careful or careless
self-disciplined or weak-willed

Front 6

MMPI
(minnesota multiphasic personality inventory)

Back 6

clinical questionnaire used to assess personality as well as psych disorders
true/false descriptive statements
pros- easy to administer, little examiner bias, comparisons with very large samples
cons- self-report, honesty, response style, factors outside of consciousness

Front 7

Rorschach test

Back 7

projective technique
inkblot test
pros- hard to fake
cons- examiner bias, poor inter-rater reliability, inconsistent administration techniques, questionible predictive validity- does it measure what it's supposed to?

Front 8

big 5 personality traits (CANOE)

Back 8

concientiousness
agreeableness
neuroticism
openness to experience
extraversion

Front 9

agreeableness

Back 9

softhearted or ruthless
trusting or suspicious
helpful or uncooperative

Front 10

neuroticism

Back 10

worried or calm
insecure or secure
self-pitying or self-satisfied

Front 11

ego

Back 11

developed thru contact with external world
enables us to deal with life's practical demands
(I did it)

Front 12

superego

Back 12

mental system that reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly learned as parents exercise their authority (the I above)

Front 13

defense mechanisms

Back 13

UNCONSCIOUS coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats from UNACCEPTABLE impulses

Front 14

psychosexual stages

Back 14

freud- personality formed before age 6 thru experiences during specific psychosexual stages
-distinct early life stages, form personalities as they experience sexual pleasures from specific body areas and caregivers redirect or interfere with those pleasures

Front 15

social behavior

Back 15

interacting with people helps us achieve
-survival (agression, helping/being helped)
-reproduction

Front 16

Nisbett and Cohen (1996)

Back 16

male undergrads provoked unknowingly
rated responses, measured changes in cortisol/testosterone, asked to complete what would you do scenario
insulted southerners provided violent responses/increased cortisol and testosterone, not insulted southerners did not

Front 17

diffusion of responsibility

Back 17

feel less responsible for our actions when we are surrounded by others acting the same way

Front 18

deindividuation

Back 18

a phenomenon that occurs when immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values
less likely to exert self control in groups

Front 19

mere exposure effect

Back 19

tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure

Front 20

Dutton and Aron (1974) experiments

Back 20

attractive female on bridge
physiological arousal interpreted as attraction

Front 21

social influence

Back 21

controlling other people
3 motivations
-hedonic motive
-approval motive
-accuracy motive

Front 22

bobo doll experiment

Back 22

hedonic motive
seeking pleasure and avoiding pain

Front 23

Asch conformity study

Back 23

approval motive
people have desire to be accepted/not rejected

Front 24

milgram obedience study

Back 24

reflected human tendency to obey authority
you have no choice, you must go on

Front 25

stanford prison experiment

Back 25

conformity
cognitive dissonance
obedience to authority
observational learning

Front 26

foor in the door technique

Back 26

takes advantage of our desire for consistency
(drive slowly- will put up sign after signed petition)

Front 27

cognitive dissonance

Back 27

stage of conflict when person realizes the inconsistency of their actions, beliefs, or attitudes
(boring task- paid 1 or 20 bucks to lie and say it was fun, those who were paid 1 reported higher enjoyment because they were the only ones who felt cognitive dissonance and needed to restore consistency by changing belief)
ex- paying a lot of money to buy poor product- convince it was good product
adjusting values to fit behavior when clearly immoral

Front 28

social cognition

Back 28

understanding people
-from the groups to which they belong
-from the things they say and do

Front 29

hamilton and gifford experiment

Back 29

overestimate rare group's bad acts
perceive a correlation between group membership and behavior thats not there (crimes committed by minority groups)

Front 30

mcGarty and Turner experiment

Back 30

stereotypes mask variation within a group
judge length of lines
overestimate similarity between lines that share a label
underestimate similarities of lines that don't share a label

Front 31

stereotype threat

Back 31

being at risk of confirming, as self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about one's group
(blacks asked race before taking test)

Front 32

fundamental attribution error

Back 32

our tendency to attribute a person's behavior to their disposition, even though it was caused by the situation

Front 33

DSM-IV

Back 33

(diagnositic and statistical manual of mental disorders)
classification system that describes features used to diagnose each disorder
-indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other similar problems

Front 34

diathesis-stress hypothesis

Back 34

a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress
diathesis- internal predisposition
stress- external trigger

Front 35

GAD

Back 35

chronic excessive worry accompained by
-restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irratability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance
-worries are generalized
-higher prevalence among low-income, high-stress individuals

Front 36

panic disorder

Back 36

sudden occurrence of multiple psych and physio symptoms, panic attacks

Front 37

OCD

Back 37

repetitive intrusive thoughts and ritualistic behaviors designed to fend off those thoughts interfere with functioning

Front 38

social phobia

Back 38

irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed

Front 39

response theory of depression

Back 39

when depressed, women tend to ruminate more on their depressed mood and causes, while men tend to engage in more distracting behaviors

Front 40

symptoms of major depression

Back 40

feelings of worthlessness
lack of pleasure
lethargy
sleep and appetite disturbances

Front 41

helplessness theory

Back 41

idea that individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal (own fault), stable (unlikely to change), and global (widespread)

Front 42

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Back 42

emotional and social withdrawal
apathy
poverty os speech
(missing in people with schiz)

Front 43

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Back 43

delusions and hallucinations
(occur more in people with schiz than normal people)

Front 44

disorganized symptoms of schizophrenia

Back 44

disorganized speech- disruption of verbal communication- ideas shift rapidly and inchoherently
disorganized behavior- inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, specific motor disturbances

Front 45

delusion

Back 45

patently false belief system, often bizarre and grandiose, that is maintained in spite of irrationality
(belief that he is Jesus, or that CIA is after them)

Front 46

hallucination

Back 46

false perceptual experience that has a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation

Front 47

psychodynamic therapy

Back 47

explore childhood events as insight into their problems
focus on freud's psychosexual stages, repression, defense mechanisms
therapist says little, many years

Front 48

cognitive-behavioral therapy

Back 48

emphasizes reciprocal relationship between cognitions, emotions, and behaviors
changing one (cognitive) can change the others

Front 49

classical conditioning and the development of phobia/anxiety

Back 49

unconditioned stimulus- accident on bridge
unconditioned response- physical symptoms, thoughts of death
conditioned stimulus- bridges
conditioned response- physical symptoms, thoughts of death

Front 50

operant conditioning and the maintenance of anxiety symptoms

Back 50

consequences of behavior determine if it will be repeated
negative feelings reduced when use behavior
behavior increases
avoidant behaviors act as negative reinforcers

Front 51

habitation and exposure therapy

Back 51

exposure theory is confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly
-pairing conditioned stimulus without unconditioned stimulus will lead to habituation (gradual exposure to feared stimulus so that fear goes down)

Front 52

Beck's model of psychopathology

Back 52

emphasizes reciprocal relationships between cognition, emotion, and behavior

Front 53

prozac

Back 53

SSRI- block reuptake of serotonin

Front 54

effexor/wellbutrin

Back 54

effexor- serotonin and NE reuptake blocker
wellbutrin- NE and dopamine reuptake blocker

Front 55

propranolol (beta blockers)

Back 55

diminish effects of epinephron and other stress hormones

Front 56

negative side effects of benzodiazepines

Back 56

potential for abuse- develop tolerance to drug
withdrawal symptoms
side effects- drowsiness, coordination, memory problems

Front 57

negative side effects of antidepressants used for bipolar

Back 57

may trigger manic episode

Front 58

Fournier et al (2010) and placebo vs. antidepressants

Back 58

placebooooo

Front 59

benefits and side effects of ECT

Back 59

benefits- half say it helps treat depression when don't respond to medication alone
side effects- short term memory loss, headaches, muscle aches

Front 60

three stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome

Back 60

alarm reaction (mobile resources)
resistance (cope with stressor)
exhaustion (reserves depleted)

Front 61

Type A behavior patter

Back 61

the tendency toward easily aroused hostility, impatience, a sense of time urgency, and competitive achievement strivings

Front 62

PTSD and hippocampal volume

Back 62

stress- combat
diathesis- hippocampal volume

Front 63

repressive coping

Back 63

avoiding situations or thoughts that are reminders of a stressor and maintaining an artificially positive viewpoint

can be harmful in longrun- avoidant behaviors, negatively reinforcing

Front 64

rational coping

Back 64

facing the stressor and working to overcome it; involves three steps:
Acceptance: recognizing that the stressor exists
Exposure: thinking about and/or approaching the stressor
Understanding: making sense of the trauma/stressor

Front 65

reframing

Back 65

finding a new or creative way to think about a stressor that reduces its threat (reappraisal)
May be difficult with extremely stressful situations
Stress inoculation training (SIT) : gradually applying reframing/coping techniques across a variety of stressful situations (exposure)

Front 66

social support, optimism, and hardiness

Back 66

help