Psych-181 Memory

Front 1

what is Classical Conditioning?

Back 1

you are training someone to do something when you do a specific thing.

Front 2

define memory

Back 2

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

Front 3

define rehearsal

Back 3

the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.

Front 4

what are the two types of information processing models?

Back 4

-Encoding, Storage Retrieval
-Sensory, short term, long term

Front 5

What are the two forms of rehearsal?

Back 5

Maintenance and elaborative rehearsal

Front 6

what is maintenance rehearsal?

Back 6

rote repetition of material in order to maintain its availability in memory
-ex. reading out of a text book to memorize it

Front 7

What is elaborate rehearsal?

Back 7

association of new information with already stored knowledge and analysis of the new information to make it memorable
-ex. using a personal story to describe it

Front 8

What are the two types of encoding ?

Back 8

automatic and effortful

Front 9

What is Automatic?

Back 9

when you encode information with no effort or unconsciously (time, space, and frequency)

Front 10

What is effortful?

Back 10

when you encode information when trying to store the information.

Front 11

what type of encoding is rehearsal?

Back 11

effortful

Front 12

what is the spacing effect?

Back 12

massed v.s distributed practice

Front 13

what is massed practice?

Back 13

when you process information in a short amount of time. (cramming)

Front 14

what is distributed practice?

Back 14

when you process information in a long period of time.

Front 15

what is semantic encoding?

Back 15

to remember with meaning

Front 16

what is visual encoding?

Back 16

to remember through what is visually seeing

Front 17

what is acoustic encoding?

Back 17

to remember what you hear

Front 18

what is a peg word?

Back 18

ex. one is a bun, two is a shoe, three is tree

Front 19

what is an mnemonic?

Back 19

memory aid, use imagery and organizational.
ex. peg word

Front 20

what is an acronym?

Back 20

memory aid, use verse or a formula
ex. PALEGAS
Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally

Front 21

What is storage memory?

Back 21

retaining information

Front 22

what is encoding?

Back 22

getting information in

Front 23

What is retrieval memory?

Back 23

getting information out

Front 24

What are the three parts to storage?

Back 24

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term

Front 25

what is sensory memory?

Back 25

the brief initial coding of sensory information into the memory system

Front 26

why does forgetting occur in sensory memory?

Back 26

because if it doesn't make it's way from sensory to short-term it is gone.

Front 27

what are the two main types of sensory memory?

Back 27

iconic and echoic

Front 28

what is iconic memory?

Back 28

your visual sensory memory. lasts about a half a second. your brain decides whether it is important enough to store

Front 29

what is a echoic memory?

Back 29

your auditory sensory memory. last about three or four seconds. your brain decides whether it is important enough to store

Front 30

what is short-term memory also know as?

Back 30

working memory

Front 31

what is short-term memory?

Back 31

a limited capacity memory system involved in the retention of encoded information for brief periods

Front 32

what are the limits of short-term memory?

Back 32

unless our working memory meaningfully encodes or rehearses information it quickly disappears from our short term memory
-it has limited capacity. brief storage of item, up to thirty seconds if no rehearsal

Front 33

what is chunking?

Back 33

organizing items into familiar, manageable units. magic number is 7 +or - 2.
ex. phone number 802-5243

Front 34

what is long-term?

Back 34

unlimited capacity. seen as relatively permanent.

Front 35

what are the two types of organizations of long-term memory?

Back 35

schemas and semantic

Front 36

what is schema?

Back 36

an organized cluster of information about an object or event

Front 37

what is a semantic?

Back 37

schemas joined in pathways that link related concepts

Front 38

what is interference?

Back 38

when you learn something that causes failure to retrieve other items

Front 39

what are the two types of interference?

Back 39

proactive and retroactive

Front 40

what is proactive interference?

Back 40

(forward acting) when prior learning interferes or disrupts new information
ex. dating a new girl and call her your ex-girl's name
-if you move you can only recall old address not the new one

Front 41

what is retroactive interference?

Back 41

(backward acting) new information interferes your ability to recall old information
ex. if i got a new password for my computer i can't remember my old one

Front 42

what is recall?

Back 42

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier.
ex. short answer, fill in the blank, and essay are recall. no hints involve. either you know it or you don't

Front 43

what is recognition?

Back 43

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned.
ex. multiple choice and matching.

Front 44

what is relearning?

Back 44

a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning the material for a second time
ex. if you studied for your final you will learn the material faster the second time you study

Front 45

what is priming?

Back 45

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
pg. 269
ex. the rabbit/barber example. hare or hair

Front 46

what is explicit memory? where is it processed and an example

Back 46

Memory of facts and experiences that you must consciously retrieve and declare
-processed through the hippocampus
-ex.remembering things. personal memory

Front 47

What is implicit memory? where is it processed and an example

Back 47

memory of skills or procedures that are retrieved without conscious recollection
-classical and operant condition, they don't intend to do it they just do
-processed through the cerebellum
ex. breathing and walking

Front 48

what is a synonym for implicit memory?

Back 48

non-declarative memory

Front 49

what is synonym for explicit memory?

Back 49

declarative memory

Front 50

what are two types of explicit memory?

Back 50

fact and personal experiences

Front 51

what are two types of implicit memory?

Back 51

skills and classical and operant conditionings effects

Front 52

what is the misinformation effect?

Back 52

incorporating misleading information into ones memory of an event
ex. when the cars hit/smashed and how people responded to the crash differently because of the wording

Front 53

what is source amnesia?

Back 53

attributing to the wrong source and event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined
ex. telling someone that you talked back to a teacher but you really didn't but you believe you did

Front 54

what is amnesia?

Back 54

the loss of memory

Front 55

what are the two types of amnesia?

Back 55

anterograde and retrograde

Front 56

what is anterograde?

Back 56

when you can remember everything before an injury or operation but can't remember new information

Front 57

what is retrograde?

Back 57

when you can remember everything after an injury or operation but can't remember anything before the incident

Front 58

what type of amnesia was damaged when HM had surgery?

Back 58

explicit memories, he can't form new memories that are explicit

Front 59

what type of memory was not damaged when HM had surgery?

Back 59

implicit memories, he can form new memories that are implicit meaning procedures

Front 60

what is long-term potentiation ?

Back 60

an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

Front 61

know how and where memories are formed?

Back 61

memories are formed when you have a more rapid firing of your synapse creating a greater long-term potentiation

Front 62

how are memories stored?

Back 62

memories are stored throughout your brain
-lashley would remove parts of rats cerebral cortex and he found out that no matter what part he removed the rats still remembered parts of the maze

Front 63

why does forgetting occur in short term memory?

Back 63

unless our working memory meaningfully encodes or rehearses that information it is quickly forgotten or it disappears from your short-term memory

Front 64

what is shallow processing?

Back 64

"structural encoding" emphasizes the physical structure
-memorizing, no meaning

Front 65

what is deep processing?

Back 65

"semantic encoding" emphasizes meaning

Front 66

what is intermediate processing?

Back 66

"phonemic encoding" emphasizes what a word sounds like.
-rhyming

Front 67

is semantic shallow, intermediate or deep processing?

Back 67

deep processing

Front 68

is visual shallow, intermediate or deep processing?

Back 68

shallow processing

Front 69

is acoustic shallow, intermediate or deep processing?

Back 69

intermediate processing

Front 70

is peg word shallow, intermediate or deep processing?

Back 70

deep processing

Front 71

is acronym a shallow, intermediate or deep processing?

Back 71

deep processing

Front 72

is mnemonic a shallow, intermediate or deep processing?

Back 72

deep processing