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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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18: What is the main difference between movement in Parkinson's and Huntington's?
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In Huntington's, the inhibition of movement is taken away, while in Parkinson's the initiation of movement is taken away.
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What specifically happens in Parkinson's?
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There is no dopamingeric input into the striatum, so there is more inhibition of the thalamus and less excitation of the cortex.
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What patient's caudae (basal ganglia) lesion caused psychic amnesia for him and thus suggested that the basal ganglia was not just involved in motor movements?
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TJ
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What are the two major pathways of the dopaminergic system?
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From the substantia nigra to the striatum (nigrostriatal), and from the ventral tegmental to the nucleus accumbens/vmPFC (mesocortical)
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What are the two main types of dopamine receptors?
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D1 (cAMP activator, excitatory), D2 (cAMP inhibitor, inhibitory)
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Whose study showed dopamine pulse on: surprise reward, after CS, and dopamine decreased after CS with no reward?
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Shultz
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The Knutson Monetary Incentive Delay Task showed that the _ _ is activated when one anticipates getting a reward.
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Ventral striatum (this occurred when the reward was both monetary AND social, but when the reward was actually received the money = thalamus, and the social = amygdala)
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What is more involved in SEEKING rewards, and what is more involved in actually LIKING them?
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Seeking = dopamine, liking = opioid receptors
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If it's a big loss or big win, your _ will likely be activated.
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Caudate
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Study: lesions in _ _, and animals won’t seek rewards, which demonstrates that dopamine IS the reward people seek. However, when the animals were given a reward without doing anything, they’ll still consume it.
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Nucleus accumbens
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T/F: Neuroeconomics: Expected value = reward*probability of receiving it. There are neurons that will fire for higher EVs, and other will fire for lower EVs (Platt and Glimcher).
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True
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In the prospect theory, what is activated in the loss-frame and what is activated in the gain frame?
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Loss frame = amygdala, grain frame = cingulate
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T/F: vmPFC is activated in the coke-pepsi liking test, and during the wine test it is your SAYING you like the wine better that makes you like it, not just the expensiveness of the wine.
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True
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19: T/F: Children who do well on IQ tests start off with lower than normal cortical density, and then have a rapid increase. So, it’s not the thickness per say, but rather the trajectory over time.
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True
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T/F: In one study deaf individuals responded to both auditory and somatosensory stimuli in their auditory cortices.
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True (also, ASL activates both Wernicke's and Broca's areas)
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When was the visual cortex activated in blind people, and when was it not?
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In reading Braille, but NOT when doing tactile discrimination tests (TCMS given over blind person's occipital lobe interferes with ability to read Braille!)
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What area of the brain in blind patients was activated in verbal memory tasks, verb generation tasks, and braille reading?
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The visual cortex
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T/F: When a blind person carries out a task with their tongue (using TDU, tongue display unit), their visual areas look virtually identical to those sighted individuals who are doing the same task with their eyes instead of their tongue.
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True
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T/F: In bilingual patients, the native language requires less cortex. In Broca's area, there is much differentiation between the areas for the native and the areas for the second language.
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True
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Individuals who have basal ganglia lesions (caudate) have no voluntary control of...
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Switching between languages
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20: What are the two opposing systems in stress?
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Glucocorticoids for more stress, testosterone for less stress
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T/F: There is a study that shows that the more stressed you are = more glucocorticoids released = more hormones released in your stomach that make food taste better.
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True
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What is the HPA axis, what promotes it, and what inhibits it?
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Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis; promoted by amygdala and inhibited by hippocampus
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Cushing's disease affects neurogenesis and gives people much smaller...
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Hippocampi
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T/F: One study showing how mice were groomed demonstrates how DNA methylation changes and makes mice who were raised well less prone to stress and more likely to treat their own young kindly.
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True (another study showed that among those who committed suicide, those who were abused as children had smaller hippocampi)
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Individuals with high anxiety have a much stronger _ response to stress. Also, patients with _ damage showed less response to emotional stories.
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Amygdala
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T/F: There was a study with mice bred to have either a small or large amygdala. What was the observed difference between the two groups?
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Smaller amygdala mice were more fearful and had greater stress responses
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T/F: One study covered suggested that having a smaller amygdala makes people more vulnerable and able to develop PTSD, but that actually AFTER stressful events your amygdala grows larger.
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True
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There are short and long alleles for _, and the short alleles are less effective because these people have stronger amygdala activations to fear.
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Serotonin
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Once one is exposed to the pairing of a neutral stimulus and a traumatic event, extinction retention is correlated with the increase in thickness of the....
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vmPFC
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What are 3 responses to stress your body has?
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Release of adrenalin, increase in HR and BP, and release of glucocorticoids, intereferes with sleep, immune function, suppressed neurogenesis
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Who performed the study showing that a single episode of intruder stress in a monkey decreases neurogenesis in the hippocampus.
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Gould and McEwen
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What brain structure activates the HPA axis, and what brain structure detects glucocorticoids?
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amygdala; hippocampus
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21: What is the gist of the somatic marker hypothesis?
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Emotional previewing
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Which lesion patients had a diminished skin conductance rate when choosing from the risky pile of the Iowa gambling task?
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vmPFC patients
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One study showed that patients with high cervical injuries have reduced...
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Emotions in fear, anger, etc.
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The face in crowd study shows that...
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The angry face in the crowd is the easiest one to detect
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What does the dot-probe task consist of/what are its results?
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Press a button when you see a dot; you are much faster at seeing the dot behind and angry face than a neutral face
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What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?
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That when you run from a bear, it is not the bear that makes you fearful, it is the RUNNING that makes you fearful ("smile and you'll be happy")
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The Cannon-Bard Theory says that...
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The brain's experience influences the body's experience
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Patient would go to the lab and they would make up some story to convince you to let them give you an injection of adrenaline; you would attribute your reaction to something in the lab. If you were supposed to feel fear from a stimulus, you would feel fear. This is the...
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Two-factor theory of emotion
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Paul Ekman had the...
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6 faces of emotional expression (which he claimed to be universal)
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What is Kluver-Bucy syndrome and what are its symptoms?
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Removal of amygdala: patients/animals are indiscriminately sexual and hyper-oral and will approach almost anything
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What study showed that you can induce amygdala response?
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Showing someone a sad movie and then a sad picture: double the amygdala activation at the sight of the picture
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Emotional stimuli activate _ and deactivate _.
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Activate dlPFC; deactivate vlPFC
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Urbach-Weithe Syndrome had the S.M. patient who couldn't detect fear. What was significant in later studies?
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She could detect fear when FORCED to look at the eyes of the face.
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What study demonstrates retinal rivalry?
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When shown a house/face picture, your amygdala will respond to the face picture whether you perceive the face or the house
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T/F: The Todorov studies showed pictures of neutral faces and asked about trustworthiness and amygdala activation correlates with lack of trustworthiness!
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True
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T/F: Blind patients could guess the fearful faces better than chance with amygdala activation.
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True
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T/F: ‘Hot’ or emotional processing activated more ventral frontal regions, while ‘Cold’ or rational processing activated more dorsolateral regions of frontal cortex.
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True
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22: T/F: If you rate yourself as "happier," you will have a larger emotional response to positive stimuli.
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True
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What are the main functions of the anterior and posterior insula?
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Anterior: gustation, olfaction, orgasm, emotion. Posterior: somatosensory
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T/F: Von Economo neurons occur only in the insula. Also, people who had this area removed stopped smoking immediately.
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True
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What did the patient who had a left insular stroke demonstrate?
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Decreased interest in food, lost much weight.
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T/F: Mirror neurons work like they do in activating the insula: when you watch someone be disgusted, your "disgust" area in the brain is activated at the same time.
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True
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Which patients didn't understand the Faux Pas test?
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The OFC lesion patients
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Which patients behave entirely inappropriately and don't see anything wrong with their behavior until they watch themselves do it on tape?
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OFC patients (OFC lesions and development: different when lesion was obtained later in life)
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What are the two main issue areas in psychopathy?
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Amygdala and vmPFC
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What are some characteristic traits of psychopaths?
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Reduced autonomic responses to signals that convey stress in others; reduced recognition of sad and fearful expressions (studies: endorsed "I will hurt you statements," did not respond to crying babies as much)
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T/F: Study: Possible outcomes comparison: vmPFC patients don’t see a moral issue with the scenario where Grace basically tried to kill her friend but was unsuccessful.
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True (left vmPFC = depression, right = psychopathy)
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T/F: Study: put someone in a scanner with their loved one sitting next to them getting shocked and your pain area will be activated depending on how socially close to them you are. However, if you’re in a scanner and your partner comes in an holds your hand, you feel less pain. A photograph of the loved one will also work. An object will help a bit, but a stranger’s hand will make it worse!
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True
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What two places in the brain particularly respond to pain and watching others in pain?
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Insula and cingulate
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T/F: In lecture, I showed a figure illustrating where vmPFC and OFC are located in the brain, and emphasized the connectivity between vmPFC and amygdala. These two areas are frequently co-activated in different tasks.
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True
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T/F: Some patients with FTD (fronto-temporal dementia) show signs of sociopathy
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True
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Genetic variation in the MAO-A gene varies a patient's response to the pain of...
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Social exclusion
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