Chapter 2-Psy 15

Front 1

descriptive

Back 1

what you should do

Front 2

law

Back 2

Universal principle/statement that lets us reliably and precisely predict future events. Test preconceived notions and moves scientific discovery forward

Front 3

prescriptive

Back 3

what we actually do

Front 4

Method of Induction

Back 4

(Bottom up) Probabilistic

a method of scientific reasoning popularized by Francis Bacon. It refers to making many specific observations in an effort to draw general conclusions.

make observations under controlled conditions and arrive at a general statement about how things are

example: see that birds can fly=making the assumption that all birds fly

However, next observation can invalidate theory and prove you wrong

Front 5

Method of Deduction

Back 5

general to specific; top to down

using general statement(theory) to develop prediction(hypothesis) that are then tested against observations

Front 6

Positive test bias

Back 6

tendency for people who are evaluating hypothesis to attempt to confirm rather than dis-confirm the hypothesis

Front 7

Hypothesis

Back 7

specific theory-derived predictions of events that can be tested under specific circumstances

through extensive hypothesis testing, researchers can determine when specific theories are true

Front 8

equafinality

Back 8

the notion that the same behavior is often produced by many different causes

Front 9

theories

Back 9

general statements about the relation between 2 or more variables. It should be: deterministic,empirically grounded, parsimonious, and testable

Front 10

falsification

Back 10

gathering evidence to invalidate a theory

Front 11

qualification

Back 11

an approach to hypothesis testing in which researchers try to identify the boundary conditions under which a theory or hypothesis is ans is not true

Front 12

experimental paradigm

Back 12

grounded on the assumption that experimentation is the most useful tool for figuring out the true causes of human behavior

Front 13

Validation

Back 13

approach to hypothesis testing in which researchers attempt to gather evidence that supports or confirms hypothesis or theory

Front 14

behavioral confirmation

Back 14

tendency for social perceivers to elicit behaviors from a person that are consistent with their initial beliefs(make expectations come true