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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is a theory:
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Theories explain, predict, and describe. They also are replicable, parsimonious, predictable, and falsifiable.
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cultural difference in childhood development
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Platonic= individual, tends to be the Western approach. confucian= communal, tends to characterize Eastern approaches.
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Freud's Stages of Development
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1) oral
2) anal 3) phallic 4) latency 5) genital |
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Erikson's Theory of Development
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psychosocial.
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basic issues in developmental theories
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1. continuous or discontinuous
2. universal or relative 3. nature or nurture 4. passive or active |
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Piaget's Stages of development
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sensorimotor, pre operational, concrete operational, formal operational.
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Sensorimotor Stage
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0-2 years old.
-reflexes -lack of object permanance ("fleeting experiences") -6 substages that happen during pre-op, con-op, and form-op as well. -until 6 years old |
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Pre-operational Stage
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2-6 years old
-use of symbols and symbolic play -pretending, numbers, mental images -"representational intelligence" -egocentrism -lack of number/quantity conservation |
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Concrete Operational
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6-12 years old
-mental operations: internalized actions that fit into a logical system. -combine separate order and transform objects and actions. -class inclusion: flowers vs. roses -transitivity |
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Formal Operational
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12+ years old
-logical and scientific reasoning |
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Piaget's Theoretical Approach and Methods
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genetic epistemologist. How does knowledge develop in infants?
Methods included observational study, interviews, and some controlled experiments. |
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A not B error
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a key phenomena in the Sensorimotor stage.
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object permanence
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The ability to hold a representation of something in mind despite the an absence in material reality. Usually develops by the end of the sensorimotor stage.
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Vygotsky's Theory of Development
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Sociocultural Theory: zone of proximal development= the gap between what children can accomplish independently and what they can accomplish when interacting with others. social interaction is the primary source of development.
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Methods for Studying Infants
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physiological recording (visual cliff study).
habituation studies (repeated exposure to same stimulus, change it, see if infant notices). eye tracking Event related potentials |
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Ethics considerations
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informed consent (parents always, kids 7 and older), debriefing, privacy
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infant reflexes
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babinski (foot stroke results in toe curl), crawling, blinking, grasping, moro (throw arms out, arch back, grasp with body if dropped), rooting (head turn, open mouth), sucking
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Piaget's Theory of Developing Action
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schemas develop through adaptation. this process involves Assimilation (taking on new info) and Accommodation (modify an old schema so it can apply to new and old experiences)
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substage 1 (sensorimotor)
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control/coordination of reflexes
0-1.5 months |
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substage 2 (sensorimotor)
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primary circular reactions (actions that are pleasurable are repeated)
1.5-4 months |
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substage 3 (sensorimotor)
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secondary circular reactions (dawning awareness of effect on environment)
4-8 months |
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substage 4 (sensorimotor)
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COORDINATION of secondary circular reactions. earliest form of problem solving.
8-12 months |
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substage 5 (sensorimotor)
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12-18 months.
Tertiary circular reactions. deliberate variation of problem-solving means. EXPERIMENTATION (and adjustment afterwards) |
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substage 6 (sensorimotor)
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18-24 months
beginnings of symbolic representation. inventing new means of problem solving. |
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Critiques of Piaget
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1) the possibility that infants' object permanence abilities are underestimated
2) core knowledge view: a set of building block systems help guide cognitive development. seen across phylogeny and early in human development. 3) New screen drop method. (as opposed to rotating screen) |
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violation of expectancy method
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rotating screen study. test of mental representation where a child is habituated to a certain event, and then the
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