Psych 1300 Exam 1- Ch. 2

Front 1

hindsight bias

Back 1

describes a person’s erroneous belief that he or she knew something all along after an event has occurred.

Front 2

false consensus effect

Back 2

describes a person’s tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share his or her beliefs and behaviors.

Front 3

dogmatism

Back 3

describes a belief that requires people to accept information as irrefutable and to refrain from questioning authority.

Front 4

participant

Back 4

is a person who takes part in an experiment as a subject

Front 5

confederate

Back 5

a person who takes part in an experiment who is seemingly a subject but is really working with the researcher.

Front 6

independent variable

Back 6

a variable that a researcher can manipulate in an experiment

Front 7

dependent variable

Back 7

a variable that is affected by the independent variable in an experiment.

Front 8

experimental group

Back 8

a group of participants in an experiment who are subject to an independent variable.

Front 9

control group

Back 9

a group of participants in an experiment who are either given no treatment or who are given treatment that should have no effect.

Front 10

observer bias

Back 10

describes a situation in which an observer expects to see a particular behavior and notices only actions that support that expectation.

Front 11

case study

Back 11

an in-depth study of one individual or a few individuals.

Front 12

laboratory study

Back 12

a study in which participants are taken to a location that has been specifically set up to facilitate collection of data and allow control over environmental conditions.

Front 13

field study

Back 13

a study that is conducted in a setting other than a laboratory

Front 14

descriptive statistics

Back 14

statistics researchers use to summarize data sets.

Front 15

inferential statistics

Back 15

statistics that use probability laws to help researchers decide how likely it is that their results are due to chance and, as a result, how likely it is that the observed results apply to a broader population

Front 16

measures of central tendency

Back 16

the three most typical scores in a set of data: mean, median, and mode

Front 17

variability

Back 17

the degree to which the numbers in a set of data differ from one another and the mean

Front 18

bias

Back 18

a personal and sometimes unreasonable judgment that a researcher may make that could affect the results of an experiment.

Front 19

demand characteristics

Back 19

aspects of a setting that can cause participants in a study to behave as they believe the researcher wants them to.

Front 20

reliability

Back 20

the degree to which a measurement yields similar results every time it is used with a particular subject under particular conditions.

Front 21

validity

Back 21

the degree to which a measurement measures what it is intended to measure

Front 22

observer bias

Back 22

describes a situation in which an observer expects to see a particular behavior and notices only actions that support that expectation

Front 23

subject-expectancy effect

Back 23

an occurrence where participants in a study expect to behave in a certain way as a result of their treatment, causing them to adjust their behavior

Front 24

double-blind experiment

Back 24

an experiment in which both the subject and the observer are kept blind, thus negating the observer-expectancy effect and the subject-expectancy effect.

Front 25

placebo

Back 25

is a substance or procedure which resembles medical therapy but has no intrinsic therapeutic value

Front 26

placebo effect

Back 26

a phenomenon in which participants taking a placebo react as if they were receiving treatment, simply because they believe they are actually receiving treatment.

Front 27

clever hans

Back 27

-arabian stallion purchased in 1888 by a german math teacher named wilhelm von olsten
-was tutored in simple arithmetic
-was really answering according to osten's subtle unconsious gestures, not because he really knew the answer
-his story demonstrates how facts, theories, and hypotheses function in scientific research

Front 28

correlational study

Back 28

-matched samples and pairs

Front 29

descriptive study

Back 29

-naturalistic observation
-laboratory observation
-case studies
-survey

Front 30

measure of central tendency

Back 30

-mean
-median
-mode

Front 31

measure of variability

Back 31

-range
-deviation
-standard deviation

Front 32

frequency distributions

Back 32

-frequency distributions
-bar graphs
-histograms