Psych 130 Test #1

Front 1

Reasoning

Back 1

Weighing evidence to find a conclusion.

One way to be a critical thinker^^...
Quantity & Quality of the evidence should be included in your reasoning for what you believe.

Front 2

Rationalization

Back 2

Starting with belief/opinion/conclusion
then, selectively searching for evidence

(selective attention)

Front 3

First principle of critical thinking

Back 3

To be open minded?

-skeptical

Front 4

Importance of a stable yet flexible memory system

Back 4

??

Front 5

Advantages of a constructive memory system

Back 5

-An apparent memory: (a memory that didn't actually happen, unconsciously constructed to fill a gap.)

-Prevents holes and gaps in our memory
-Provides fluency in our memory

Front 6

Short-term memory
VS.
Long-term memory

Back 6

Short-Term:
-Processes meaning, links information
-Can hold 7-9 units for about 5-15 secs w/o rehearsal
-Consciousness

Long-Term:
-Unlimited storage of info
-Permanent

Front 7

Necessary truth

Back 7

True under all circumstances

?

Front 8

Cognitive Schema

Back 8

Mental network that organizes information based on already existing beliefs/ experiences

Front 9

New knowledge and memory

Back 9

Sensory input--
sensory memory-- through attention:
short-term(working memory)--though encoding/change:
long-term memory:
either retrieval or forgetting

Front 10

Problems with relying on common sense

Back 10

??

Front 11

Fallacy of appeal to ignorance

Back 11

Using the Lack of evidence for proof
-**Cant use the lack of evidence as evidence
"no evidence given, so we can believe otherwise"

Front 12

Cognitive opinion

Back 12

Based on consideration of evidence

Front 13

Affective opinion

Back 13

Based on emotion (moods, feelings, and values)

Front 14

Reasonable doubt

Back 14

Credible evidence to the contrary

Front 15

Four types of evidence used to evaluate a claim

Back 15

Anecdotal evidence: (non-scientific, not always true or right, based on personal accounts rather than facts/research)

Testimonial evidence: -look for credibility: (expert) credentials, education, experience

Experimental evidence: (through conducting experiments) -look for bias!: sample size, population, selection of sample, representative

Statistical evidence:

Front 16

Encoding &

Decoding

Back 16

Encoding: Taking info from the working memory and organizing it into the long-term memory

Decoding: retrieving info from the long-term and bringing it to consciousness (short-term memory)

Front 17

Two characteristics of a critical thinker

Back 17

1. Openminded

2. Skeptical

Front 18

memory
&
consciousness

Back 18

Working memory(short-term): where you can be conscious of information

Front 19

Reasons for egocentrism & ethnocentrism

Back 19

egocentrism: Having little or no regard for interests of others. Self-centered, self-love

ethnocentrism: attitude that ones own group is superior

Front 20

Perceptual filters

Back 20

How we perceive the world.
-we filter the "objective world" through:
Age, environment, location, etc.
-Who we are, "subjective beliefs"

Front 21

Selective attention & critical thinking

Back 21

Intentionally focuses on one thing.
-usually the most relevant task on hand,
-Shapes memory because all other stimuli that happens while selectively paying attention, are forgotten: as a result of never being fully processed

Front 22

Subjective relativism

Back 22

Whatever is true for you

Front 23

Declarative Memory Vs Non-declarative

Back 23

Declarative Memory: (explicit)
- memories which can be consciously recalled
- such as facts and knowledge

Non-declarative: (procedural)
-unconscious memories such as skills (e.g. learning to ride a bicycle).

Front 24

Types of Info we are most likely to remember

Back 24

1. Emotional events (survival value)
2. Meaningfulness
3. Interesting events

-First and Last thing
-Most relevant
-Most recent

Front 25

Difference between opinion & reasoned judgement

Back 25

Reasoned judgement is based on evidence!

Front 26

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Back 26

A Self Fulfilling Prophecy is a prediction that causes itself to come true
-due to the simple fact that the prediction was made. This happens because our beliefs influence our actions.

Front 27

Law of Large numbers

Back 27

For sample sizes: "the larger the number the more accurate"
-More it represents

Front 28

Theory Vs Hypothesis

Back 28

Theory: An explanation
-must be well substantiated(based on proven hypothesis)
-must be consistent: internal:can't contradict itself, external: must account for all the evidence

Hypothesis: A testable question
-educated guess
-relationship between two variables: if, then statement

Front 29

4 things that scientific inquiry permits

Back 29

1. make predictions
2. describe
3. explain
4. control

Front 30

4 criteria for rating the adequacy of a hypothesis

Back 30

-Testable?
-Predictable?
-Conservatism? (Consistent with our scientific knowledge)
-Simplicity?

Front 31

Fallacy of appeal to false authority

Back 31

believing a person based on authority
-even if they're not an expert on the matter

Front 32

4 steps of evaluation a supernatural claim

Back 32

1.State the claim/problem
-conceptual definition(define) & operational definition(how to measure)
2.Examine evidence:
-Quality and quantity of credible, empirical, and what type?(anecdote, testimony, experiment, statistic)
3. Alternate explanations
4. Measure each/all hypothesizes

Front 33

Principle of parsimony

Back 33

One should always choose the simplest explanation of a phenomenon, the one that requires the fewest leaps of logic

Front 34

Principle of conservatism

Back 34

-should be fair and reasonable.
-make evaluations and estimates, to deliver opinions, and to select procedures. They should do so in a way that neither overstates nor understates the affairs of the business or the results of operation.

Front 35

Purpose of correlation research

Limits of correlation research

Back 35

To see how two variables are correlated with each other
*Can only prove correlations, not causations
-other factors can throw off correlations

Front 36

Positive and Negative correlation

Back 36

Positive: Correlations in the same direction: as one goes up the other goes up too

Negative: as one goes up the other goes down

Front 37

Difference between scientific method and other forms of knowledge

Back 37

Scientific Method:
1. State problem
2.Hypothesis
3.Design experiment
4.Predict
5.Test experiment

It follows this method no matter what

Front 38

Post Hoc fallacy

Back 38

-After the fact
-Event C happened immediately prior to event E.
Therefore, C caused E

Front 39

Causal oversimplification

Back 39

-occurs when it is assumed that there is a single, simple cause of an outcome when in reality it may have been caused by a number of only jointly sufficient causes.

Front 40

Randomization

Back 40

choosing a group at random
-to eliminate bias
-to represent the population

Front 41

External validity

Back 41

-the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people

Front 42

Conceptual definition

Operational definition

Back 42

Conceptual: -Dictionary definition, Variable
-anxiety is defined as...

Operational: Measure
-anxiety is measured by...

Front 43

Control group

Back 43

-a group separated from the rest of the experiment where the independent variable being tested cannot influence the results.

Front 44

Dangers of relying on personal experience

Back 44

-memory can fool us,
-confirmation bias

Front 45

halo effect

Back 45

Grants status to people we like

-"everything under his/her halo is likable"

Front 46

Purpose of an experiment

Back 46

to find an answer

Front 47

Scientific attitude toward knowledge

Back 47

-relys on evidence

Front 48

Placebo effect

Back 48

-a fake medicine/treatment

-people will claim they are getting better even though its just a placebo