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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Scientific Method (6 steps) |
- Stating the problem - Developing the Hypothesis - Design the Study - Collect and analyze Data - Replicate the Results - Draw Conclusions/ Report the Results |
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Stating the Problem |
Ask a question that is answerable and can be investigated with some degree of clarity (using scientific method) (positive vs normative) |
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Develop a Hypothesis |
- Make an educated guess about the problem - Offer a testable relationship between two variables - Can be stated in an if then statement |
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Design the Study (experimental research) |
- Attempts to determine cause-and-effect relationships - We know it is cause and effect if we can manipulate the test variables whilst holding the other variables constant in a controlled environmentC |
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Steps to designing an experiment |
a. Pick the variables of interest b. Have clear operational definitions c. Select proper groups d. Select proper sample size |
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Defining the variables |
Variables are conditions of a situation that can change or vary IV - one that gets manipulated DP - One that gets measured |
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Operational Definition |
- How you will measure the variables |
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Comparing different groups |
- Control and Experimental group - Must be assigned randomly to reduce effect of extraneous variables |
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Sample: Size and representativeness |
- Sample size is important for how you interpret the results - Representativeness - need to represent the population being studied |
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Collect Data |
- Want to make sure experimental experience is standardized between subjects Confounds - Avoid self-fulfilling prophecy - Demand Characteristics - Placebo effect We can reduce these confounds with double-blind technique and careful control testing environment |
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Analyze the Data and Replicate the Results |
Do the experiment again using different participants We replicate to make sure the results were not due to chance and to make sure mistakes weren't made |
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Draw Conclusions |
What do they mean in light of initial question and hypothesis Discuss importance of findings Present the findings to the scientific community via articles, conferences etc |
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Experimental |
Pros - can attribute differences to the IV and infer causality Cons - Hard to manipulate only one thing Generalizability and ecological validity may be affected Limited by ethical and practical reasons |
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Descriptive Research |
1. Observation 2. Questionnaires 3. Case Studies |
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Observation |
Researcher observes a behavior of interest in the real world and records it Advantages - no manipulation, so no interference Disadvantages - time consuming, cannot draw cause-and-effect, subjects may act differently if they know they are being observed |
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Questionnaires |
Researcher gives participants a set of questionnaires, participants self-report answers Advantages - can collect large amounts of data easily Disadvantages - impersonal and only get the info on the form, can't prevent untruthful answers, no cause and effect |
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Case Studies |
An intensive study of one person over an extended period of time Advantages - can be ver revealing about human behavior Disadvantages - lack of generalizability |
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Correlational Methods |
Involves measurement and determination of the relationship between two variables No random assignment, no manipulation (no real IV and DV) Advantages - ethical and practical considerations, generally higher external validity Disadvantages - we do not know f X or Y occurred first Correlation is not causation because there is no cause/effect conclusion |
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Correlational Coefficient (r) |
Between 1 and -1 +1 Perfectly Positive Correlation -1 Perfectly Negative Correlation 0 No correlation Closer to 1 stronger relationship Closer to zero less relationship |
