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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Cognitive Psychology?
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The scientific study of how people perceive, learn, remember, and think about information
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Component to cognitive psychology
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mental processes
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Mental Processes
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occurs with very little conscious awareness, can operate quite quickly in spite of the fact that they are quite complex.
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Cognitive science
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looking at mental processes while looking at several disciplines to develop a better understanding of how we process information
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Early Philosophers of Cognitive Psychology
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Plato, Aristotle, Rene Descartes, John Locke
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Plato believed
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there where neuro chemical components to thinking. Rationalist: believes that the route to knowledge is through logical analysis. Also believed emotions came from the heart.
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Aristotle
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first to examine learning, memory, and sensation. Empiricist: believed that we acquire knowledge via empirical evidence.
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Rene Descartes
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began to look at mental processes, how mind and body interacted. rationalist.
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John Locke
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empiricist. believed we where born with blank slate. Tabula rasa. Nothing is innate at birth. All behaviors are learned. We learn behaviors by empirical observations.
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psychophysics
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How we process information that is physical in nature.
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Gustav Fechner
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Psychophysics. Just noticable difference. -Amount of external energy is not a one-to-one relation to the psychological values or interpretation. at what point do individuals notice a difference.
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Hermann von Helmholtz
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psychophysics. unconscious inference. suggested we interpret events based on our experience there wasn't necessarily an awareness to that. We don't realize we are making these interpretation.
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principles of unconscious inference
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1. Individual plays an interpretive role in what they are perceiving.
2. Based on past experience. 3. Processes occur at the unconscious level. |
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Structuralism
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we have these individual elements which we put together to create our experiences and behaviors. Break down the complexities of everyday experience into basic elements.
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Wilhelm Wundt
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Contributed to our understand of behavior. Developed idea of introspection. Believed we could only experimentally evaluate sensation and perception. In order to do this we have them engage in introspection.
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Introspection
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Looking inward at pieces of information passing through consciousness.
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Functionalism
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attempt to understand what people do and why they do it.
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William James
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Father of functionalism. First American psychologist, that said we can study memory and look at attention.
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John Watson
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suggested we can only study behaviors that we can observe. He felt that we needed to have a focus on learning. How do individuals learn behaviors.
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B.F Skinners
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behaviors are the result of the consequences. Operant conditioning.
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Karl Spencer Lashley
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Early cognitive psychologist. Believed the brain was an active, dynamic organizer of behavior. One of Watson students.
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Donald Hebb
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Cell organization in the brain lead to learning. Cells that fire together wire together.
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Noam Chomsky
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Linguist focusing on the biological and creative aspects of language production. Developed the Language Acquisition Device. language is innate not a result of consequences.
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Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
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Born with this component, located in the brain, is innate and allows us to produce creative language and interactions.
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When did cognitive psychology become accepted in psychology
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Early 70's late 60's
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Artificial intelligence
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the attempt by humans to construct systems that show intelligence and particularly the intelligent processing of information.
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Cognitive Neuroscience
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The role of the brain on cognitive functioning, localization of function.
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Reaction time
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A measure of the time elapsed between some stimulus and the person's response to the stimulus
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Accuracy
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the rate of correct response.
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Speed-accuracy trade off
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The tendency for faster responding to be associated with higher error rates. (with all other things being equal)
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Information processing approach
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The coordinated operation of active mental processes within a component memory systems.
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Cognitive neuroscience
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the investigation of all mental functions that are linked to neural processes
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Human neuropsychology
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Also focuses on understanding mental processes in humans but relies on understanding such processes by examining the results of brain trauma.
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Localization of function
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The idea that particular mental functions are carried out by particular brain regions.
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Single Case study
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One individual with brain damage is studied extensively
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Group study
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Several individuals who have similar characteristics are studied as a group.
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Multiple-case study approach
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Study several individuals, however each is treated as a case study.
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Lesion method
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Use of participants who have suffered damage to a particular region of the brain. Animal model, human model
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Neuropsychological clinical assessments
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Used to determine the degree to which damage to the brain may have compromised a person's cognitive, behavioral and emotional functioning.
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Electroencephalogrames (EEGS)
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Correlate small changes in electrical activity in specific regions of the brain with observed differences in behavior. Technique for recording electrical activity over a large region of the brain.
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Computerized tomography (CT Scan)
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x-ray procedure where a computer draws a map of the brain on the measured densities. Static brain imaging.
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Magnetic Resonance imagine (MRI)
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Can be used to study both brain anatomy and neural function. Uses magnetic field. Static brain imaging.
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dynamic brain imaging
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Allows researchers to observe areas of activation in intact participants.
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Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
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Measures the brain's metabolic activity by the level of blood flow in different regions of the brain. Subtractive method.
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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
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Magnetic resonance imaging where changes in elements, such as oxygen, are measured during the performance of a specific behavior.
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structures of the hindbrain
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Medulla, cerebellum, pons, superior olive
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Medulla
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transmits information from the spinal cord tot he brain and regulates life support functions such as respiration, blood pressure, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, and heart rate.
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Pons
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acts as a neural relay center, facilitating the "crossover" of information between the left side of the body and the right side of the brain and vice versa. It is also involved in balance and in processing of both visual and auditory information.
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Cerebellum
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contains neurons that coordinate muscular activity. It is one of the most primitive structures. It also governs balance and is involved in general motor behavior and coordination.
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Brain lesions in the cerebellum cause_____________________
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irregular and jerk movements, tremors, and impairments of balance and of gait. Also implicated in peoples ability to shift attention between visual and auditory stimuli, and in dealing with temporal stimuli such as rhythm.
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The midbrain structures
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superior coliculus, inferior coliculus, reticular formation
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superior coliculus
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low-level visual process
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Inferior coliculus
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low level auditory information
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Reticular formation
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helps keep us awake and alert and is involved in the sudden arousal we may need to respond to a threatening or attention grabbing stimulus
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The forebrain structures are
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Hypothalamus and thalamus
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hypothalamus
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controls the pituitary gland by releasing hormones, specialized chemical that help regulate other glands in the body. also controls homeostatic behavior such as eating, drinking, temperature control, sleeping, sexual behaviors and emotional reactions.
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thalamus
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another structure for relaying information, especially to the cerebral cortex.
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Basal Ganglia is made up of
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caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, involved in motor control
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Hippocampus
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involved in the formation of long-term memories
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Amygdala
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modulates the strength of emotional memories and is involved in emotional learning
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Limbic system is comprised of
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amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus and the olfactory bulb, primary function is to integrate emotional information.
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Frontal lobe
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involved in human abilities, executive function, planning, making decisions, implementing strategies, inhibiting inappropriate behaviors, and using working memory to process information.
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Damage to the frontal lobe may cause___________.
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result in marked changes in personality,mood, affect, and the ability to control inappropriate behavior.
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Metamemory
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the abilities that allow for the strategic use, deployment, and retrieval of memories.
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The parietal lobe
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contain the somatosensory cortex, which is contained in the postcentral gyrus, the area behind the central sulcus. It is involved in the processing of sensory information from the body
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Primary motor cortex
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region in the frontal lobe. region of the cortex that is the final exit point for neurons controlling the fine motor control of the body's muscles. Hemisphere inversion.
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Damage to the Parietal Lobe causes
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Alexia, agraphia, apraxia spatial processing.
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Damage to somatosensory cortex causes
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trouble with identification of touch, and phantom limb pain.
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Temporal Lobe
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involved in memory visual recognition, auditory procssing, and emotions.
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Damage to Primary auditory cortex
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leads to a loss of an awareness of sound.
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Damage to temporal lobe
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If the right temporal lobe is damaged, memory for sounds and shapes tends to be impaired. If the left temporal lobe is damaged in people with left-hemisphere language dominance, memory for words can be drastically impaired, as can the ability to understand language—an impairment called Wernicke's (receptive) aphasia. Sometimes damage to part of the temporal lobe can cause personality changes such as humorlessness, extreme religiosity, and loss of libido.
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Occipital Lobe Damage
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The occipital lobe contains the main center for processing visual information. If the occipital lobe on both sides of the brain is damaged, people cannot see, even though the eyes themselves are functioning normally. This disorder is called cortical blindness. Some people with cortical blindness are unaware that they cannot see. If the front part is damaged, people have difficulty recognizing familiar objects and faces and accurately interpreting what they see.
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Damage to the front part of the parietal lobe on one side
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causes numbness and impairs sensation on the opposite side of the body. Affected people have difficulty identifying a sensation's location and type (pain, heat, cold, or vibration).
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if the back part of the parietal lobe is damaged
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people cannot tell the right from the left side (called right-left disorientation) and have problems with calculations and drawing.
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If the right parietal lobe is damaged
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people may be unable to do simple skilled tasks, such as combing their hair or dressing—called apraxia.
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If the middle part of the frontal lobe is damaged
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the ability to move the eyes and to perform complex movements in the correct sequence may be impaired. People may have difficulty expressing themselves in words—an impairment called Broca's (expressive) aphasia
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If the front part of the frontal lobe is damaged, any of the following may result:
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impaired concentration,
Reduced fluency of speech Apathy, Inattentiveness Delayed responses to questions A striking lack of inhibition, including socially inappropriate behavior |
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If the back part of the frontal lobe (which controls voluntary movements) is damaged,
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weakness or paralysis can result. Because each side of the brain controls movement of the opposite side of the body, damage to the left hemisphere causes weakness on the right side of the body, and vice versa.
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Damage to fusiform gyrus may cause
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difficulty in perceiving faces correctly.
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optic tract
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Optic nerve exits back of eye travels to lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus
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Optic tract sends information
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to primary visual cortex
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Damage to primary visual cortex causes
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Inability to perceive light-dark contrast. Homonynous hemianopsia, quadranopsia, scotomas
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corpus collosum
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mass of neural tissue made up of 200-250 million nerve fivers that connect the left and right hemisphere
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lesion in the right hemisphere of visual system can cause trouble with
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letters and words
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lesions in the right hemisphere of visual system can cause trouble with
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complex geometric patterns, faces
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Lesions in the LH of auditory system
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language related sounds
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Lesions in the RH of auditory system
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non-language environmental sounds.
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Lesions in the RH of somatosensory system
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tactile recognition of complex objects.
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Movement in the hemispheres
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LH: complex voluntary movements,
RH: movements in spatial patterns |
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Memory in the hemispheres
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LH: verbal memories
RH: prosody (pitch, tone) |
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Language in hemispheres
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LH: speech, reading, writing, arithmetic
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Spatial processes
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RH: geometry, sense of direction, mental rotation of shapes.
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visual sensory memory
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A memory register that receives the visual input from the eyes.
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Visual persistence
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the apparent persistence of a visual stimulus beyond its physical duration. The brief period of when the image reaches are receptors and ends eg. lightening.
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Characteristics of visual persistence
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will look like the same image after its gone. can continue to acquire information after it is gone.
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Perceptual consistancies
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occurs when our perception of an object remains that same even when our proximal sensation of the object changes.
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size constancy
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the perception that an object maintains the same size despite changes in the size of the proximal stimulus
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shape constancy
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the perception that an object maintains the same shape despite the changes in the shape of the proximal stimulus
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color constancy
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the perception that an object maintains the same color despite the changes in hue of the proximal stimulus.
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Gestalt principles
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We separate the world in two parts. figure-ground principle, proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, symmetry
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figure-ground principle
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certain aspects of an image stand out while other aspects recede into the background. form perception. the figure what we are looking at, the ground is everything aside from the specific object
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proximity
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the tendency to see objects that are located close to one another as forming group.
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Similarity
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Gestalt suggested we tend to group objects based on their similarity
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Continuity
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Gestalt suggested we tend to see smooth flowing or continuous forms rather than disrupted or discontinuous ones.
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Closure
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The tendency to perceptually "close up" or complete objects that are not closed. Subjective contours
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Symmetry
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The tendency to perceive objects as forming mirror images about their center.
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Theoretical approaches to perception
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Bottom-up theories and Top-down theories.
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Bottom-up theories
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stimulus driven theories. its the stimuli (information in the environment) that we receive determine how we perceive the world. The bottom is that basic sensory information up to the higher order of cognitive processes.
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Top-down theories
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Theory driven or conceptually driven theories, driven by higher order cognitive processes. prior experience and expectations. Starting with higher order processes at the top and then we process what we see.
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Gibsons theory
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Direct perception: the array of information in our sensory receptors, including the sensory context, is all we need to perceive
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Template theories
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Templates: Highly detailed models for patters we potentially might recognize
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Bottom up theories
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Gibsons theory, template theories, Feature theories, Pandemonium theory of perception,prototype, Hubel and weisel (simple cells, complex cells, hypercomplex cells)
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Pandemonium theory
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Image demons pass retinal image to feature demons, features demons analyze the features of a stimulus, they then hand it to cognitive demons which shout out possible patterns stored in memory which then pass to decision demons who take in all of the information the other demons are shouting and makes a decisions as to the identity of the stimulus.
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Prototype
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An idealized representation of some class of objects or events. prototype of a dog- gsd, my dog.
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Hubel and Weisel
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Specific neurons respond to specific stimuli at specific regions of the retina. Cells in the primary visual cortex respond to line segments as specific orientations, not light. Hierarchy of cells called feature detectors. Simple cells, Comples cells, hypercomplex cells.
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Simple cells
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respond to specific line orientations. positions in the receptive field,light dark boundaries and line thickness.
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Complex cells
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Receive input from simple cells, responds to lines of particular orientation, may respond to specific length of a line
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Hypercomplex cells
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responds to corners and angles shapes size irrelevant.
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Top down theories
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Constructive perception, Perceptual learning,
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Constructive perception
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We build a contruct based on cognitive processes. The perceiver builds a cognitive understand of a stimulus. Percepts what we sense, what we know, what we can infer. Context effects the influences of the surrounding environment on perceptions
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Perceptual Learning
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Perception changes with practice.
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Integration of bottom-up and top-down theories
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Complementary theories, use of one over the other may be determined by other factors.
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Agnosia
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A severe deficit in the ability to perceive information
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Prosopagnosia
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Inability to recognize faces (fusi form gyrus)
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Apperceptive agnosia
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Disruption in perceiving patterns, damage to right hemisphere
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Associative agnosia
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Cannot associate pattern with meaning.
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