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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Central Nervous System (CNS) |
brain, spinal cord, nerves |
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
-handles the input/output of the CNS Functions -divided into somatic/autonomic nervous systems |
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sensory neurons |
bring input to CNS from skin, muscles, organs |
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motor neurons |
carry output to muscles, glands and organs |
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somatic nervous system |
skeletal nervous system part of PNS |
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autonomic nervous system |
regulates blood vessels, glands, organs part of PNS includes para/sympathetic nervous systems |
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sympathetic nervous system |
mobilizes body for action part of Autonomic nervous system |
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parasympathetic nervous system |
slows action part of Autonomic nervous system |
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dendrites |
receive messages from other neurons and trasmits to cell body |
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cell body |
keeps the neuron alive, determines whether to fire |
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axon |
transmit messages from cell body to neurons, muscles, glands |
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nerves |
bundles of nerve fibres in the PNS |
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synapse |
axon terminal, synaptic cleft, membrane of receiving dendrites |
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Neural impulses - How neurons communicate |
1. electrical impulse/action potential 2. synaptic vesicles release chemical neurotransmitters 3. they excite or inhibit the firing of the receiving neuron 4. neurons either fire or do not fire (all or nothing) |
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Neurotransmitters |
versatile couriers -each binds only to certain types of receptor sites |
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serotonin |
neurotransmitter -sleep, mood |
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dopamine |
neurotransmitter -movement, learning, memory, emotion |
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acetylcholine |
neurotransmitter -muscle action, memory, emotion, cognition |
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norepinephrine |
neurotransmitter -heart rate, learning, memory, emotion, cognition |
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endorphins |
-the brain's natural opiates (endogenous opoid peptides) reduce pain, promote pleasure as well as other behaviours |
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hormones |
-long distance messengers -produced in endocrine gland/released into blood stream
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Lesion method |
brain mapping -damaging or removing section of brain in animals |
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electrode methods |
brain mapping -detect electrical activity of the neurons 1. Electroencephalogram (EEG) 2. Needle electrodes and microelectrodes |
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transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) |
brain mapping 1. wire coil around hand produces magnetic field 2. produces motor response or inactivates and area of the brain |
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positron-emission tomography (PET scan) |
brain mapping 1. Records biochemical changes in the brain as they occur 2. utilizes a radiaoctive substance to indicate brain activity |
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
brain mapping 1. uses magnetic fields and radio frequences 2. new "funcitonal MRI" captures brain changes very quickly |
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Cautions about brain research |
-findings are difficult ot interpret -results don't tell us what is happening inside the person's head -each brain, like fingerprints, is unique
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brain stem |
rises out of the spinal cord 1. medulla 2. pons 3. reticular activating system |
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medulla |
regulates autonomic fucntions (breathing/heart rate) |
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pons |
regulates sleeping, waking, dreaming |
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reticular activating system |
network of neurons, extends upward and connects with higher brain areas; screens information, alertness |
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cerrebellum |
on top of the brain stem; regulates balance and coordination of muscle movement; may play a role in remembering skills, analyzing sensory information |
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thalamus |
relays motor impulses out of the brain, directs incoming sensory messages to higher centres |
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hypothalamus |
associated with survival drives such as hunger, thirst, emotion, sex/reproduction, temperature |
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pituitary gland |
"master gland" regulated by hypothalamus |
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limbic system |
loosely interconnected structures involved in emotions 1. amygdala 2. hippocampus |
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amygdala |
evaluates sensory information to determine its importance |
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hippocampus |
allows formation and storage of new memories |
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cerebrum |
site of higher forms of thinking -2 hemispheres (connected by corupus callosum) - each hemisphere controls opposite side of body -...different talents
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cerebral cortex |
layers of densely packed cells covering the cerebrum 1. occipital lobe 2. parietal lobe 3. temporal lobe 4. frontal lobe |
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occipital lobes |
contain the visual cortex |
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parietal lobes |
contain somatosensory cortex |
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temporal lobes |
involved in memory, perception, and emotion |
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frontal lobes |
contain the motor cortex; responsible for making plans and thinking creatively, Broca's area (speech production) |
