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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Iris |
Sphincter muscle controlled by the brain to allow certain amounts of light in |
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Cornea |
Serves structural purpose (adds shape to eye, and protects inner structure), absorbs some UV light |
Transparent, multilayered system that becomes opaque when too much light is absorbed |
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Lens |
Layered system surrounded by muscles which contract allowing visual focus. Also absorbs light. |
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Ciliary muscles |
Muscles that surround the lens and allow it to focus by changing the density of substance that light passes through |
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Sclera |
Non transparent portion of cornea |
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Optic disk |
Region with no visual receptors. Both eyes have different blindspots! |
Blindspot |
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Optic nerve |
Sends info to brain |
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Vitreous Humour |
Pushes eyeball out, giving it its shape. Denser than aqueous humour, like half cooked jealo |
Where floater occur |
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Fovea |
Info target (mm size) |
If info isn't here it's in peripheral |
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Pigment Epithelium |
Where visual receptors are embedded. Feeds and holds receptors together. Absorbs light that misses visual receptors, allowing for sharp imagery |
Black because it absorbs so much light |
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Retina |
Multisensor region |
Transduction happens here |
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Transduction |
Transforms light into nervous energy |
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Near point |
Closest an object can get to you while maintaining focus |
Age makes this farther away |
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7 million of them (rod or cone) |
Cone |
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Located in fovea |
Cone |
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Processes colour |
Cone |
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Requires alot of light |
Cone |
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High acuity |
Cone |
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1 for every ganglion |
Cone |
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125 million of them (rod or cone) |
Rod |
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Located in periphery |
Rod |
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No colour processing |
Rod |
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Requires little light |
Rod |
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Low acuity |
Rod |
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Alot for every 1 ganglion |
Rod |
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Subtractive mixing |
When mixing colours means one new colour is seen due to it being the only wavelength not absorbed by mixed colours. |
Painting |
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Additive mixing |
Mixed colours/light are not absorbed but reflected so you see all colours at once |
White light |
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Negative afterimages |
When you look at an image for a period of time and the after image is of its complimentary colours |
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Red/green colourblindness |
Can't distinguish between red and green but can see other colours just fine |
10x more likely to have this |
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Blue/yellow colourblindness |
Can't distinguish between blue and yellow but can see other colours. Opponent-process theory explains this well |
Much less common |
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Trichromatic theory |
We have retinal receptors for primary colours. We see one colour when there is an imbalance in the wavelengths of the colours. Young and Helmholtz's findings 1800 |
Doesn't explain colorblindness well. Says it occurs when one receptor is damaged |
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Opponent process theory |
Retinal receptors for complimentary primary colours (blue/yellow, red/green, white/black) Hering and Hurvich's findings 1860s |
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Oculomotor cues |
Depth cues relying on how the eye responds to the distance of objects |
Accommodation and convergence |
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Accomodation |
Feeling your eyes adjust to object depending on its distance |
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Convergence |
Going cross eyed when focusing on object close to you |
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Pictorial cues |
Depth cues seen in pictures or painting to create 3d illusion |
Overlap, relative size, relative height, linear perspective, atmospheric perspective, texture gradient |
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Binocular disparity |
Eyes fixate on square on horoptor line so that everything not on the line create a double image because the image falls on a different part of the retina/fovea. Creating sense of 3d |
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Pure tone |
One frequency component |
Doesn't occur naturally |
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Complex tone |
More than one frequency component ( a bunch of pure tones) |
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Sound |
Wave of air pressure change |
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Average human range of hearing |
20hz - 20,000hz |
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Hurtz |
Cycles per second |
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Pinna (auricle) |
Serves as sound funnel. Allows depth of sound, direction of sound. Specific to the individual. No two auricles are the same. |
Outer ear |
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Ear/auditory canal |
Protective function. Source of earwax. |
2-3 cm long |
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Ear wax |
Secretion from glands in canal to keep it lubed up and to keep bugs out! Made of sweat, dead skin, acids |
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Eustachian tube |
Can effect hearing if not opened properly. Is what gets "plugged" |
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Ear drum |
A sixth of the size of the thinnest part of your skin. Vibrates at frequency of sounds that hit it, and pushes the air away. |
Makes a sound! |
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Cochlea |
Fluid filled spiral. Contains basilar membrane |
When uncoiled looks like a cone |
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Basilar membrane |
Contains hair cells that "hear" through moving with sound waves. Transforms movements into action potential. Sharpens sounds |
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Resonance |
Incoming and out coming sound mingles and boosts frequency 2000-4000hz |
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Semicircular canals |
Directional. Brain uses it to tell you where you are in space |
Nothing to do with hearing |
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Middle ear(ossicles) |
Malleus(hammer), incus, sterop, oval window. Bones that amplify sound |
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Frequency theory |
We perceive pitch by how fast action potentials fire |
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Volley principle |
Extends the max frequency by detecting multiple neurons firing at different parts of a soundwave |
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EEG (electro ensifera graph) |
Measures action potential and displays it as brainwave |
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Awake |
High blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing. Brainwave: BETA. frequenct: 14hz |
Awake |
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Relaxing |
Lower bp,hr,br. ALPHA. 8-14hz |
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Stage 1 of sleep cycle |
5-10mins. ALPHA to THETA. 4-8hz |
Low BP HR BR |
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Stage 2 of sleep cycle |
15-20mins. THETA and sometimes DELTA waves. Rare spindles and k-complex. 4hz |
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Spindle |
Sudden high frequency. |
Lots of little spikes |
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K-complex |
Sudden high spike |
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Stage 3 of sleep |
20-40mins. 20%-50%DELTA 4HZ |
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Stage 4 of sleep (with 3) |
20-40 mins. 75% DELTA. 4HZ. |
Night terrors and sleepwalking occur here |
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REM |
High BP HR BR. BETA. 14HZ happens after stage 2 |
Mimics being awake |
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Order of sleep |
1 2 3 4 3 2 rem 2 3 4 3 2rem |
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Adenosine |
Substance that builds up during day which we get rid of during sleep |
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Orexin-A |
Chemicals in brain that if artificially injected reduced sleep requirement temporarily |
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Nocturnal myoclonus |
Periodic limb disorder |
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Limbic system |
Intact when dreaming |
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Libido |
Sexual energy |
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ID |
Unconscious part of brain. Basic drives. |
If it feels good, do it |
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EGO |
Party conscious. Can tell reality from fantasy |
If it feels good, do it, as long as you don't get in trouble |
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Super EGO |
Mostly conscious mind. Sense of morality. |
Puts stop to ID and EGO |
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Ivan Pavlov |
Came up with classical conditioning using dog experiment |
Was interested in the digestive system of dogs lol |
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Classic conditioning |
Stimulus - response. CS -- CR US -- UR |
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Conditional stimulus (CS) |
Learnt |
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Unconditional Stimulus (CS) |
Not learnt |
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Stimulus generalization |
Sees response even when CS changes but not as much of a response |
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Stimulus discrimination |
Responds to only one CS. won't respond to changes |
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Extinction |
Unlearn these responses/learn to stop having responses |
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Spontaneous recovery |
Day after extinction, respond to CS again |
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Rapid reacquisition |
Takes fewer trails to reach learning plateau |
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Disinhibition |
Introduce new stimulus and responds again to CS |
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Higher order conditioning |
CS becomes as reliable response producer as US was before. Can use CS as US |
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Operant conditioning |
Behaviour controlled by outcomes |
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Edward Thorndike |
Experiments with baby chickens in a maze and then cats in a box. Took cat less time to escape the more times it had before |
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B.F Skinner |
Created standardized method of studying operant conditioning |
Skinner box |
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Compensation response |
CS gives body chance to anticipate drug coming and it works to maintain homeostasis = tolerance |
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Overdose |
When CS changes and body isn't as prepared for drug |
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Withdrawl |
Stopped taking drug but CR is still active |
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Psychic secretions |
Dogs salivating earlier and earlier, like when they see the food or the room they are usually fed in |
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