Psych 110 Second Test Terms

Front 1

habituation

Back 1

when an organism changes its reaction to external stimuli; long-term is considered learning

Front 2

classical conditioning

Back 2

a process of learning where a reflexlike reaction (CR) becomes associated with a stimulus (CS)

Front 3

stimulus generalization

Back 3

occurs if a CS is similar to original one is used

Front 4

extinction

Back 4

when a subject stops doing the learned response because the CS was repeatedly presented without the US

Front 5

operant conditioning

Back 5

kind of learning where behaviors are shaped by the environment

Front 6

reinforcement schedule

Back 6

the schedule with which reinforcements are delivered has a dramatic effect on how well an operant behavior is learned and how resistant it is to extinction

Front 7

learning

Back 7

neural, cognitive, and evolutionary components

Front 8

observational learning

Back 8

when someone learns something by watching others, is not always complete mimicry, shows creative elements, at a neural level, mirror cells are implicated in the imitation and expectation of behavior

Front 9

implicit learning

Back 9

takes place in the absence of awareness, infants show this before conscious awareness, mediated by areas of brain distinct from those with explicit learning

Front 10

consciousness

Back 10

intentional, unified, and selective, contents include concerns, daydreams, and unwanted thoughts

Front 11

unconscious

Back 11

processes of the cognitive unconscious that create and influence thoughts and behaviors

Front 12

sleep cycle

Back 12

regular pattern of sleep and dreaming that creates altered states of consciousness

Front 13

dreams

Back 13

contents are related to waking life, theories for why include the unconscious, normal brain activity, neural exercise, memory consolidation, and fear extinction

Front 14

depressants

Back 14

reduce the activity of the central nervous system creating a calming effect

Front 15

hypnosis

Back 15

can alter susceptible people's consciousness and make their actions seem involuntary, can cause amnesia but useful for pain

Front 16

meditation

Back 16

may change the consciousness from the normal state for short-term relaxation, but no long-term effects

Front 17

DSM classification system

Back 17

sometimes unreliable, but identifies key elements of various psychological conditions

Front 18

mental disorders

Back 18

best understood from integrative perspective that considers biological, psychological, and environmental factors

Front 19

diathesis-stress model

Back 19

suggests that people may possess a predisposition for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until it is triggered by stress

Front 20

anxiety disorders

Back 20

involved irrational worries and fears that undermine well-being, and can be chronic (GAD) or tied to a specific thing (phobia)

Front 21

panic disorder

Back 21

when people experience a sudden and intense attack of anxiety that leads them to stay in their house so as to avoid humiliation

Front 22

dissociative disorders

Back 22

severely disjointed and fragmented cognitive processes that are reflected in significant disruptions of memory, awareness, or personality

Front 23

dissociative identity disorder

Back 23

shift between two or more identities that are distinct in memories, characteristics, and attitudes

Front 24

dissociative amnesia

Back 24

significant memory loss not tied to normal forgetting, injury, or drugs, and often associated with stressful life circumstances

Front 25

dissociative fugue

Back 25

memory loss of personal history and an abrupt departure from home and assumption of a new identity

Front 26

major depression

Back 26

severely depressed mood (2 weeks) that is associated with self-criticism, guilt, concentration difficulties, suicidal thoughts, sleep/appetite disturbances, and lethargy

Front 27

causes of depression

Back 27

shows moderate level of heritability and may involve neurochemical imbalances, depression-prone people may also act in ways that lead to social rejection contributing to the depression

Front 28

bipolar disorder

Back 28

unstable emotional condition with extreme mood swings between depression and mania, has high rate of heritability and is associated with stress and family problems

Front 29

five subtypes of schizophrenia

Back 29

paranoid, catatonic, disorganized, undifferentiated, residual

Front 30

causes of schizophrenia

Back 30

genetic factors play a role, but also brain abnormalities such as enlarged ventricles and loss of gray matter, affected by family relationships and communication

Front 31

schizophrenia

Back 31

can bring hallucinations, delusions, disorganized or catatonic behavior, and motivational deficits

Front 32

personality disorders

Back 32

deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, relating to others, or controlling impulses that cause distress, frequently comorbid with other disorders

Front 33

three clusters of personality disorders

Back 33

odd/eccentric, dramatic/erratic, anxious inhibited

Front 34

antisocial personality disorder

Back 34

lack of moral emotions or behavior, people can be manipulative, dangerous or reckless

Front 35

stressors

Back 35

major life changes and minor hassles that add up over time, are more common to threaten well-being if they are perceived to be uncontrollable

Front 36

fight-or-flight

Back 36

how body responds to stress with activation of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis

Front 37

general adaptation syndrome

Back 37

repetition of fight-or-flight progressing in stages of alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Front 38

effects of stress

Back 38

immune response and cardiovascular system can be affected, especially with hostile type A people

Front 39

repressive coping

Back 39

avoidance or artificially positive viewpoint, ineffective for most people

Front 40

rational coping

Back 40

facing the stressor and working to overcome it, effective

Front 41

reframing

Back 41

finding a new, creative way to think about the stressor, creative

Front 42

body-oriented stress management

Back 42

focuses on reducing symptoms through relaxation, biofeedback, and aerobic exercise

Front 43

women and reproduction

Back 43

women tend ot be choosier with mates because the costs of reproduction are much higher for women, biologically and culturally

Front 44

attraction

Back 44

a feeling that draws us closer to potential mates

Front 45

personal determinants in attraction

Back 45

physical appearance is very important because it shows genetic endowment in women and the willingness and ability to provide for offspring in men

Front 46

psychological determinants of attraction

Back 46

similarity is key

Front 47

cost-benefit ratios

Back 47

people weighing the costs and benefits of the relationship and determining if they could do better in a different relationship

Front 48

equity

Back 48

when both partner's cost-benefit ratios are roughly equal