Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Sampling error
|
variability due to chance
|
|
|
Hypothesis testing
|
a process by which decisions are made concerning the values of parameters
|
|
|
Sampling distributions
|
the variability of a stat over repeated sampling from a population
|
|
|
Standard error
|
the standard deviation of a sampling distribution
|
|
|
Sampling distribution of the mean
|
the distribution of sample means over repeated sampling from one population
|
|
|
Sample stats
|
statistics calculated from a sample and used primarily to describe a sample
|
|
|
Test statistic
|
the result of a test
|
|
|
Decision making
|
a procedure for making logical decisions based on statistical tests
|
|
|
Rejection/significance level
|
the probability with which we are willing the reject the null when it is correct
|
|
|
Rejection region
|
the set of outcomes of an experiment that will lead to the rejection of the null
|
|
|
Critical value
|
the value of a test stat at or beyond which we will reject the null
|
|
|
Type I error
|
the probability of rejecting the null when it is true
|
|
|
α (alpha)
|
the probability of a type I error
|
|
|
Type II error
|
the error of accepting the null when it is false
|
|
|
β (beta)
|
the probability of a type II error
|
|
|
Power
|
the probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis
|
|
|
One-tailed/directional test
|
a test that rejects extreme outcomes in one specified tail of the distribution
|
|
|
Two-tailed/nondirectional test
|
a test that rejects extreme outcomes in either tail of the distribution
|
|
|
Correlation
|
relationship between variables
|
|
|
Predictor variable
|
the variable from which a prediction is made
|
|
|
Criterion/outcome variable
|
the variable to be predicted
|
|
|
Covariance
|
a stat representing the degree to which two variables vary together
|
|
|
Deviation score
|
the difference between a score and the mean
|
|
|
Ranked data
|
data for which the observations have been replaced by their numerical ranks from lowest to highest
|
|
|
Monotonic relationship
|
a relationship between variable that is continually increasing or decreasing but never both
|
|
|
Range restrictions
|
cases in which the range over X or Y varies is artificially limited for the purpose of reducing r
|
|
|
Heterogeneous subsamples
|
data in which the observations could be divided into two distinct sets on the basis of some other variable
|
|
|
Population correlation coefficient
|
rho (ρ)
|
|
|
Intercorrelation matrix
|
a table showing the pair wise correlations between variables
|
|
|
Dichotomous variables
|
variables that can only have two possible values
|
|
|
Slope
|
the amount of change in Y for a one-unit change in X
|
|
|
Intercept
|
the value of Y when X is 0
|
|
|
Errors of prediction
|
the difference between Y and Y-hat
|
|
|
Residual
|
the difference between actual and predicted values of Y
|
|
|
Least squares regression
|
refers to the fact that our calculation of the line is based on minimizing the squared differences between the actual and predicted values
|
|
|
Standard error of the estimate
|
the average of the squared deviations about the regression line
|
|
|
Residual variance/error variance
|
the square of the standard error of the estimate
|
|
|
Sum of squares
|
the sum of squared deviations around some point, usually a mean or a predicted value
|
|
|
SSerror
|
the sum of squared residuals or the sum of the squared deviations within each group
|
|
|
SSy
|
the sum of squared deviations about the mean
|
|
|
SStotal
|
the sum of squared deviations from the grand mean (mean of all observations)
|
|
|
Multiple correlation coefficient
|
R, the correlation between one variable and a set of predictors
|
|
|
Squared correlation coefficient
|
R^2, the squared coefficient between Y and a set of predictors
|
|
|
Multicollinearity
|
a condition in which the predictors are highly correlated amongst themselves
|
|
|
Regression surface
|
the equivalent to a regression line in multidimensional space
|
|
|
Central limit theorem
|
as N increases, the sampling distribution approaches normal
|
|
|
Effect size
|
the difference between two populations divided by the standard deviation of either population
|
|
|
Point estimate
|
the specific value taken as the estimate of the parameter
|
|
|
Interval estimate
|
a range of values estimated to include the parameter
|
|
|
Confidence limits
|
the limits at either end of an interval with a specified probability of including the parameter being estimated
|
|
|
Confidence interval
|
an interval with limits at either end, having a specified probability of including the parameter being estimated
|
|
|
Order effect
|
the effect of the order in which the trials were administered on performance
|
|
|
Carry-over effect
|
the effect of previous trials on performance
|
|
|
Sampling distribution of differences between means
|
the distribution of the differences between means over repeated sampling from the same population
|
|
|
Variance sum law
|
the rule giving the variance of the sum (or difference) of two or more variables
|
|
|
Standard error of the differences between means
|
the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the differences between means
|
|
|
Homogeneity of variance
|
the situation in which two or more populations have equal variance
|
|
|
Pooled variance
|
a weighted average of separate sample variances
|
|
|
Heterogeneity of variance
|
a situation in which samples are drawn from populations having different variances
|
|
|
Power
|
the probability of correctly rejecting a false null, 1-β
|
|
|
Harmonic mean
|
the number of elements to be averaged divided by the sum of the reciprocals of the elements
|
|
|
Dichotomous variables
|
variables that can only have two different values
|
|
|
Goodness-of-fit test
|
a test for comparing frequencies with theoretically predicted frequencies
|
|
|
Expected frequencies
|
the expected value for the number of observations in a cell if the null is true
|
|
|
Multicategory case
|
a situation in which data can be sorted into more than two categories
|
|
|
Contingency table
|
a two-dimensional table in which each observation is classified on the basis of two variables simultaneously
|
