Psych 11: Personality

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Personality

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a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.

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Psychodynamic Perspectives

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views of personality as primarily unconscious (that is, beyond awareness) and developing in stages. Most psychoanalytic perspectives emphasize that early experiences with parents play a role in sculpting personality

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id

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the freudian structure of personality that consists of unconscious drives and is the individual's reservoir of psychic energy

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ego

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the freudian structure of personality that deals with the demands of reality.

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superego

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the freudian structure of personality that harshly judges the morality of our behavior.

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defense mechanism

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The ego's protective methods for reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

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Oedipus Complex

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In Freud's theory, a young boy's intense desire to replace his father and enjoy the affections of his mother.

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Collective Unconscious

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Jung's term for the impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind, shared by all human beings because of their common ancestral past.

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archetypes

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The name Jung gave to the emotionally laden ideas and images that have rich and symbolic meaning for all people.

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individual psychology

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The term for Adler's approach, which views people as motivated by purposes and goals and as striving for perfection over pleasure

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humanistic perspectives

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Views of personality that stress the person's capacity for personal growth, freedom to choose a destiny and positive qualities.

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self-concept

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A central theme in Roger's and other humanists' views; self concept refers to individuals' overall perceptions and assessments of their abilities, behaviors, and personalities

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unconditional positive regard

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Roger's term for accepting, valuing, and being positive toward another person regardless of the person's behavior.

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trait

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An enduring personality characteristic that tends to lead to certain behaviors

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trait theories

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Theories stating that personality consists of broad, enduring dispositions (traits) that tend to lead to characteristic responses.

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Big five factors of personality

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The "supertraits" that are thought to describe the main dimensions of personality-specifically, neuroticism (emotional instability), extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness

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personological and life story perspectives

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Approaches to personality emphasizing that the way to understand the person is to focus on his or her life story-aspects that distinguish that individual from all others

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self-efficacy

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the belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes

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cognitive affective processing systems (CAPS)

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According to Mischel, a set of interconnected cognitive systems through which an individual's thoughts and emotions about self and the world become linked in ways that matter to behavior.

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self-report test

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also called an objective test or inventory, a type of test that directly asks people whether specific items (usually true/false or agree/disagree) describe their personality triats

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face validity

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the extent to which a test item appears to be valid to those who are completing it.

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empirically keyed test

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a type of test that presents a host of questionnaire items to groups of people who are already known to differ in some central way (such as individuals with a psychological disorder versus mentally healthy individuals)

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Minnesota Multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI)

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The most widely used and reserched empirically keyed self-report personality test

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projective test

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personality assessment tool that presents individuals with an ambigious stimulus and then asks them to describe it or tell a story about it-in other words, to project their own meaning onto it.

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Rorschach inkblot test

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a widely used projective test that uses an individual's perception of inkblots to determine his or her personality

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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

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a projective test designed to elicit stories that reveal something about an individual's personality.

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Type A behavior pattern

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a cluster of characteristics-such as being excessively competitive, hard-driven, impatient, and hostile-related to the incidence of heart disease

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Type B behavior pattern

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a cluster of characteristics-such as being relaxed and easygoing-related to good health

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Hardiness

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a trait characterized by a sense of commitment and control and a perception of problems as challenges rather than threats

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social cognitive perspectives

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Approaches to personality emphasizing conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals. Social cognitive psychologists explore the person's ability to reason; to think about the past, present, and future; and to reflect on the self.

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Sigmund Freud

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His theories have strongly influenced how people in Western cultures view themselves and their world.

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Karen Horney

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Developed the first feminist criticism of freud's theory. His view emphasizes women's positive qualities and self-evaluation

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Carl jung

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Swiss psychoanalytic theorist who developed the concepts of the collective unconscious and archetypes

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Carl Rogers

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a pioneer in the development of the humanistic perspective

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Albert Bandura

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His practical, problem solving oriented social cognitive approach has made a lasting mark on personality theory and therapy